基于小波变换方法的包头台形变分析

采用小波变换方法相继对包头台洞体应变和水管倾斜进行处理,研究形变数据固体潮、同震响应和周期性特征等。采用db4作为母小波对包头台形变进行5阶小波分解．分解后的细节部分能清晰地显示出包括1／3日波、半日波、日波和半月波等在内的固体潮汐波。对于2008年以来全球发生的M≥8．0级地震．包头台水管倾斜NS分量均有显著的同震响应现象发生．且在小波分解后的不同阶曲线中同震响应后续波形表现各异．另外在部分地震之前能观测到异常变化。采用Moflet小波作为母小波对包头台水管倾斜NS分量进行小波变换分析．获得的小波变换系数分布图能清晰地显示出倾斜数据中存在的包括半日潮和日潮在内的周期特征及其随时间变化情况。     

钻孔应变观测干扰及异常分析

怀来台体积式钻孔应变仪安装于1988年,以应变固体潮为主要观测目标.多年来,取得了连续完整高质量的观测资料.本文列举了怀来钻孔应变的台址背景及仪器观测条件;分析了实际观测中钻孔应变资料受仪器零漂、气压、水位、降雨等因素的干扰;研究了钻孔应变在本区及邻区震前出现的记录曲线畸变、潮汐因子异常、应变固体潮畸变等不同形式的异常变化并对其进行特征分析.研究表明,钻孔应变观测是获取构造活动异常变化信息,进行地球物理研究、地震预测预报的有效途径.     

太阳活动对中山站F2层峰值电子浓度的影响

利用中山站1995-2006年的电离层垂测数据统计分析了当地电离层F2层峰值电子浓度（N_mF2）对太阳活动变化的依赖性,研究发现在中山站N_mF2月中值随修正太阳10.7厘米通量指数F10.7P增大而增大,其饱和或放大趋势不明显。除冬季12-16 UT、20-2 UT与夏季2-11 UT以外的绝大部分时刻,两者具有良好的线性关系。N_mF2月中值随F10.7P变化斜率随季节、地方时而变化。在日变化中,N_mF2随F10.7P变化斜率极大值出现在磁中午附近,明显大于其他时刻,在夜侧变化斜率整体较小,且在分季和冬季的夜侧以及夏季全天,其斜率随地方时变化不大。在年变化中,日侧斜率最大值出现在两分季,冬季次之,夏季最小;而夜侧斜率在夏半年（10月-3月）整体上要大于冬半年（4月-9月）。结合中山站位于极隙区纬度的特殊地理位置,分析了上述N_mF2变化特征的可能原因。     

Probing deep weathering in the Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory,Pennsylvania (USA): the hypothesis of nested chemical reaction fronts in the subsurface

Weathering is both an acid‐base and a redox reaction in which rocks are titrated by meteoric carbon dioxide (CO₂) and oxygen (O₂). In general, the depths of these weathering reactions are unknown. To determine such depths, cuttings of Rose Hill shale were investigated from one borehole from the ridge and four boreholes from the valley at the Susquehanna Shale Hills Observatory (SSHO). Pyrite concentrations are insignificant to depths of 23 m under the ridge and 8–9 m under the valley. Likewise, carbonate concentrations are insignificant to 22 and 2 m, respectively. In addition, a 5–6 m‐thick fractured layer directly beneath the land surface shows evidence for loss of illite, chlorite, and feldspar. Under the valley, secondary carbonates may have precipited. The limited number of boreholes and the tight folding make it impossible to prove that depth variations result from weathering instead of chemical heterogeneity within the parent shale. However, carbonate depletion coincides with the winter water table observed at ~20 m (ridge) and ~2 m depth (valley). It would be fortuitous if carbonate‐containing strata are found under ridge and valley only beneath the water table. Furthermore, pyrite and carbonate react quickly and many deep reaction fronts for these minerals are described in the literature. We propose that deep transport of O₂ initiates weathering at SSHO and many other localities because pyrite commonly oxidizes autocatalytically to acidify porewaters and open porosity. According to this hypothesis, the mineral distributions at SSHO are nested reaction fronts that overprint protolith stratigraphy. The fronts are hypothesized to lie subparallel to the land surface because O₂ diffuses to the water table and causes oxidative dissolution of pyrite. Pyrite‐derived sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) plus CO₂ also dissolve carbonates above the water table. To understand how reaction fronts record long‐term coupling between erosion and weathering will require intensive mapping of the subsurface. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地面高精度磁测和电磁测深在矿产调查中的应用

武定地区的各地层与矿体具有明显的磁性和电性差异,为了查明矿区内的控矿构造及外围矿致异常,开展了11万高精度磁法测量和大地电磁测量工作.对获取ΔT磁测数据进行化极和延拓等处理;对化极成果和不同延拓高度的成果综合对比分析,圈定了5个磁异常体和3条断裂,确定3号磁异常为有利矿致异常.在3号磁异常处开展大地电磁测深工作,查明断裂构造的产状、延伸,并对地层进行详细的分层.结合地质资料、电磁测深的成果资料,建立地质一地球物理模型,用RGIS2010软件对磁测剖面数据进行2.5D的人机联合反演,拟合出矿体的形态特征,得出异常体的相对深度、宽度和厚度,为地质找矿提供了有利的地球物理依据.     

Lattice Boltzmann simulation of turbulence-induced flocculation of cohesive sediment

Both the floc formation and floc breakup of cohesive sediment are affected by turbulent shear which is recognized as one of the most important parameters, and thus, on the settling and transport of cohesive sediment. In this study, the development of floc characteristics at early stage and steady-state of flocculation were investigated via a three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann numerical model for turbulence-induced flocculation. Simulations for collision and aggregation of various size particles, floc growth, and breakup in isotropic and homogenous turbulent flows with different shear stresses were conducted. Model results for the temporal evolution of floc size distribution show that the normalized floc size distributions is time-independent during early stage of flocculation, and at steady-state, shear rate has no effect on the shape of normalized floc size distribution. Furthermore, the size, settling velocity, and effective density of flocs at the non-equilibrium flocculation stage do not change significantly for shear stresses in the range 0–0.4 N m^?2. The relationships between floc size and settling velocity established during floc growth stages and that during steady-states are different.     

2018年松原5.7级地震前地磁垂直分量日变化低点时间时空演化特征

本文对松原5.7级地震前地磁垂直分量日变化低点时间时空演化特征进行研究，结果显示：1）以去除经度效应后低点时间为0 h的等值线作为低点位移分界线，松原5.7级地震的震中分别位于2018-04-13分界线上和2018-04-24分界线附近；2）异常日期间，中国大陆地磁垂直分量日变形态存在分区特征，去除经度效应后低点时间为正、负的区域内日变形态分别以“W”型和“V”型为主；3）在2018-04-13和2018-04-24这2个异常日期间，中国大陆都存在去除经度效应后的低点时间高梯度带，松原5.7级地震的震中分别位于2018-04-13高梯度区边缘和2018-04-24高梯度区东侧。     

Morphological characteristics and environmental implications of phytoliths in topsoils from different vegetation zones on northern slope of Changbai Mountains,China

The Changbai Mountains,located in the temperate monsoon climate zone of East Asia,is an ideal loca-tion for the research on timberline response to global changes.In this study,the topsoils were collected from different vertical vegetation zones on the northern slope of the Changbai Mountains,Northeast China in August 2009,and phytoliths in the soil samples were extracted by using wet oxidation method and identified with Motic 2.0 microscope in laboratory.The results show that phytoliths are abundant in the ...     

GIS-based earthquake-triggered landslide hazard zoning using contributing weight model

Earthquake-triggered landslides have aroused widespread attention because of their tremendous ability to harm people's lives and properties.The best way to avoid and mitigate their damage is to develop landslide hazard maps and make them available to the public in advance of an earthquake.Future construction can then be built according to the level of hazard and existing structures can be retrofit as necessary.During recent years various approaches have been made to develop landslide hazard maps using statistical analysis or physical models.However,these methods have limitations.This study introduces a new GIS-based approach,using the contributing weight model,to evaluate the hazard of seismically-induced landslides.In this study,the city and surrounding area of Dujiangyan was selected as the research area because of its moderate-high seismic activity.The parameters incorporated into the model that related to the probability of landslide occurrence were:slope gradient,slope aspect,geomorphology,lithology,base level,surface roughness,earthquake intensity,fault proximity,drainage proximity,and road proximity.The parameters were converted into raster data format with a resolution of 25×25m2 pixels.Analysis of the GIS correlations shows that the highest earthquake-induced landslide hazard areas are mainly in the hills and in some of the moderately steep mountainous areas of central Dujiangyan.The highest hazard zone covers an area of 11.1% of the study area,and the density distribution of seismically-induced landslides was 3.025/km2 from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.The moderately hazardous areas are mainly distributed within the moderately steep mountainous regions of the northern and southeastern parts of the study area and the hills of the northeastern part;covering 32.0% of the study area and with a density distribution of 2.123/km2 resulting from the Wenchuan earthquake.The lowest hazard areas are mainly distributed in the topographically flat plain in the northeastern part and some of the relatively gently slopes in the moderately steep mountainous areas of the northern part of Dujiangyan and the surrounding area.The lowest hazard areas cover 56.9% of the study area and exhibited landslide densities of 0.941/km2 and less from the Wenchuan earthquake.The quality of the hazard map was validated using a comparison with the distribution of landslides that were cataloged as occurring from the Wenchuan earthquake.43.1% of the study area consists of high and moderate hazardous zones,and these regions include 83.5% of landslides caused by the Wenchuan earthquake.The successful analysis shows that the contributing weight model can be effective for earthquake-triggered landslide hazard appraisal.The model's results can provide the basis for risk management and regional planning is.