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41.
42.
以扎龙湿地龙泡子为研究对象,利用58个实测水深数据和季相最接近的Quick Bird数据,建立湖泊水深的反演模型。探索性地建立了单波段和多波段组合的线性(多元)回归模型、指数模型、二次多项式模型、微分模型和对数模型等;通过对比模型的决定系数R2,比较模型精度;线性模型、对数模型、指数模型和幂指数模型的R2小于0.5,而二次多项式模型和多元线性回归模型的R2大于0.5,精度相对较高;筛选出拟合度较高的模型,用20个实测验证样本,采用相对误差和均方根误差进行模型精度评价;最后,利用精度较高的模型,进行龙泡子水深反演计算。水深反演结果表明,用选出的模型反演得到的龙泡子水深基本一致,为170~200 cm,即使有稀疏的水草覆盖,依然可以表现出水深渐变的趋势。以蓝、绿、红和近红外波段多光谱遥感反射率为自变量,建立的线性湖泡水深反演模型y=123.990-3.332B1+183.859B2-237.133B3-37.143B4(y为水深;B1、B2、B3和B4分别为蓝、绿、红和近红外波段的水体反射率),能较好地反演扎龙湿地湖泡的水深。 相似文献
43.
Meiyan Zhao Hongyan Cai Zhi Qiao 《International journal of geographical information science》2016,30(12):2421-2441
The urban heat island (UHI) effect resulting from rapid urbanization is attracting increasing attention among the global scientific community. This research analyzed the relationship between urban expansion and the UHI effect utilizing an integrated approach, including urban land interpretation and retrieving land surface temperature based on remote sensing, and spatial overlay analysis for revealing the relationship for different time periods between 1984 and 2014 in Shanghai, China. The results show that (1) the spatiotemporal changes in UHI are consistent with the expansion of urban land, and rapid urban expansion leads to an expansion of the UHI, in particular along roadways. (2) The mode of urban expansion is an important factor influencing the UHI effect. Urban sprawl (urban expansion in the edge-expansion way) is a form of typical expansion that leads to the rapid increase in the UHI. When the urban compactness ratio is less than 0.15, a compact design can effectively control the expansion rate of the UHI and mitigate its range of influence and intensity. However, when the urban compactness ratio is greater than 0.15, the urban design has a marked influence on the UHI ratio index: a more compact form produces a stronger UHI effect. So, finding an equilibrium between urban compactness ratio and urban expansion rate is good for effective urban management and planning. 相似文献
44.
The sensitivity of the global atmospheric and oceanic response to sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) throughout the South China Sea (SCS) is investigated using the Fast Ocean-Atmosphere Model (FOAM). Forced by a warming SST, the experiment explicitly demonstrates that the responses of surface air temperature (SAT) and SST exhibit positive anomalous center over SCS and negative anomalous center over the Northern Pacific Ocean (NPO). The atmospheric response to the warm SST anomalies is characterized by a barotropical anomaly in middle-latitude, leading to a weak subtropical high in summer and a weak Aleutian low in winter. Accordingly, Indian monsoon and eastern Asian monsoon strengthen in summer but weaken in winter as a result of wind convergence owing to the warm SST. It is worth noting that the abnormal signals propagate poleward and eastward away in the form of Rossby Waves from the forcing region, which induces high pressure anomaly. Owing to action of the wind-driven circulation, an anomalous anti-cyclonic circulation is induced with a primary southward current in the upper ocean. An obvious cooling appears over the North Pacific, which can be explained by anomalous meridional cold advection and mixing as shown in the analysises of heat budget and other factors that affect SST. 相似文献
45.
46.
Kai Liu Xiaojuan Qiao Baoling Li Ying Sun Zhiping Li Conglin Pu 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2016,75(23):1485
This study investigates the characteristics of geothermal water in 10 geothermal fields in Beijing. The relationships between the deuterium excess parameter (d) and temperature, depth, age of geothermal groundwater, groundwater flow field, and Eh were investigated using geothermal groundwater samples. Results showed that (1) the average d value of geothermal water is 5.4, whereas that of the groundwater in normal temperature is 6.04. The differences are induced by the oxygen isotope exchange during the water–rock interaction, which may be more easily completed in geothermal water than in cold groundwater. (2) The d value increases remarkably with the age of the geothermal groundwater. The d value increases from 11.2 to 14.6 when the age of the geothermal water is 12,760 ± 130 a and 38,960 ± 630 a, respectively. Moreover, the isotope heat exchange for composition of the hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in the geothermal groundwater proceeds sufficiently with time. (3) The d value decreases from 5.72 to 3.03 when the depth increases from 125.13 to 3221 m. Generally, in the same area, the d value decreases with depth because the temperature is increasing. (4) The d value of the groundwater gradually reduces from the northern recharge area to the southern discharge area. The average d value is 7.31 in the northern recharge area and 5.68 in the middle Beijing Depression, whereas the d value in the southern area of Fengheying is ?9.20. The larger difference in d values between the recharge and discharge areas is due to the slower velocity of underwater flow, which induces longer time for oxygen exchange. (5) The relationship between the d and Eh is complex. When Eh is <200 mV, the d value of the geothermal water decreases with the decrease in Eh. When Eh is higher than 200 mV, the d value increases slightly with the decrease in Eh. The study of the characteristics of deuterium excess parameters for geothermal water could provide a scientific isotopic evidence for assessment and exploitation measures in geothermal groundwater systems. 相似文献
47.
Study on the deformation and failure modes of filling slope in loess filling engineering: a case study at a loess mountain airport 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lvliang airport is a typical loess filling engineering located in 20.5 km north of Lvliang City in Shanxi Province, China. By the end of March 2012, 14 fissures extending more than 7.5 m were observed in a loess-filled slope, of which the longest fissure is up to 82 m. Field monitoring and laboratory tests have been performed to investigate the slope failure modes. The test program includes wetting tests on unsaturated compacted samples and stress path tests on saturated samples. Field monitoring and observations show that differential settlement caused by non-homogeneity in compacted loess density might lead to the formation of fissures in the loess-filled slope. It was founded that the wetting deformation contributed to the development of differential settlement. Fissures are the essential factor for the loess-filled slope failure. Four deformation stages exhibit in the loess-filled slope prior final failure including development of the fissures, softening of the compacted loess, creeping of the slope leading edge and fissuring of the trailing edge and formation of the through-sliding surface. Development of the sliding surface mainly includes upward and downward expansion of the fissures. Upward expansion is a wetting failure process in loading condition, while downward expansion is a load-off wetting process. In addition, development of the sliding surface is accelerated by softening of the compacted soils as a result of water infiltration. Therefore, the key for taking countermeasures against filling landslides is to monitor and control the development of differential settlement and fissures in the slope shoulders. Digging out and extra-filling the fissures are an effective way for preventing these landslides. 相似文献
48.
"桃溪穹隆"由内核、中间层和盖层组成,发育岩石流变,韧性、韧脆性和脆性变形(断裂)。文章以"桃溪穹隆"内核、中间层和盖层为对象,通过研究其形变特征、运动形式及相互关系,探讨穹隆上隆的运动方式,结合沉积事件、岩浆活动和构造运动,阐述穹隆的形成机制和构造演化特征。"桃溪穹隆"于加里东期(志留纪末)隆升,华力西期—印支期(晚二叠世—中三叠世)大规模上隆,燕山期及后期继承性活动,主隆升期(华力西期—印支期)为逆时针旋转上隆。穹隆长期隆升是该区古元古代结晶基底出露的主要原因。 相似文献
49.
Qiao Hu Zhenghong Tang Lei Zhang Yuanyuan Xu Xiaolin Wu Ligang Zhang 《Natural Hazards》2018,92(2):783-804
Climate change brings uncertain risks of climate-related natural hazards. The US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA in Climate change: long-term trends and their implications for emergency management, 2011. https://www.fema.gov/pdf/about/programs/oppa/climate_change_paper.pdf) has issued a policy directive to integrate climate change adaptation actions into hazard mitigation programs, policies, and plans. However, to date there has been no comprehensive empirical study to examine the extent to which climate change issues are integrated into state hazard mitigation plans (SHMPs). This study develops 18 indicators to examine the extent of climate change considerations in the 50 SHMPs. The results demonstrate that these SHMPs treat climate change issues in an uneven fashion, with large variations present among the 50 states. The overall plan quality for climate change considerations was sustained at an intermediate level with regard to climate change-related awareness, analysis, and actions. The findings confirm that climate change concepts and historic extreme events have been well recognized by the majority of SHMPs. Even though they are not specific to climate change, mitigation and adaptation strategies that can help reduce climate change risks have been adopted in these plans. However, the plans still lack a detailed assessment of climate change and more incentives for collaboration strategies beyond working with emergency management agencies. 相似文献
50.
Jun Wang Jie Liu Qiao Liang Xiangsen Ouyang 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2018,36(4):1991-2001
In the soil slope supported by bolts, longitude waves instead of transverse waves, generated by earthquakes, first reach the slope surface. With the dynamic response of the P (pressure) wave along the anchorage structure, first, a theoretical study was conducted to investigate the propagation characteristics of the interference superposition, generated by the SV (shear-vertical) and the P waves. The SV wave was formed by the wave, originating from the bottom and reflected from the free surface of the slope, whereas the latter was the incident P wave, propagating in the slope. In addition, the structural measures, restraining the seismic wave, and the characteristics of the restraint effect at the free segment of the bolt were investigated. According to the wave-way difference between the incident P wave and the reflected SV wave, the minimum critical slope angle, influenced by the interference at the shallow slope, and the maximum influencing depth of the dynamic response, acting vertically to the slope surface, were obtained. The results indicate that the maximum influencing depth linearly correlated with the slope angle. Furthermore, based on the propagation characteristics of the P wave along the bolt, and the coupled relation between the wave length and the anchorage design parameters, the axial acceleration of the wave propagating along the bolt axis was obtained. Then, the theoretical length of the anti-seismic bolt, subjected to seismic waves, and the compensation force of the anchorage structure were obtained. Finally, a numerical study, based on FlAC3D, properly verified the theoretical conclusions. 相似文献