西北干旱区夏季强干、湿事件降水环流及水汽输送的再分析

为深入分析西北内陆干旱区夏季降水的主要水汽源地及其输送通道,首先,梳理和评述了过去50年西北干旱区水汽输送的研究进展和问题;接着,利用国家气象局信息中心近50年的实测降水及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等,挑选更多有代表性的强干、湿日(月)事件,再进行环流和水汽输送的对比分析。主要结论如下:(1)过去西北干旱区各地的干、湿环流研究共识多,进展快;而水汽输送分析依旧众说纷纭。(2)过去的水汽输送分析联系降水环流不够;针对西北干旱区降水特点不够;还应加进数值模拟等分析手段。(3)在本文诊断分析和先前数值模拟基础上,指出西北内陆旱区夏季降水的主要水汽源地在东南沿海一带,它借助西行台风、西伸了的西太平洋副热带高压及柴达木低压等多个天气系统和西太平洋副热带高压西南侧东南风急流、西侧南风低空急流及河西偏东风等三支气流的次第密切配合,首先,水汽被输送到四川盆地;接着,被北输到西北区东部;继而,再被接力西输到河西走廊及南疆盆地东部。谓之"三支气流+两个中转站的三棒接力"式水汽输送模型。它是夏季输向西北内陆旱区的主要水汽输送通道。     

On the Forced Tangentially-Averaged Radial-Vertical Circulation within Vortices. Part II: The Transformation of Tropical Storm Haima (2004)

A real case study for the transformation of Tropical Storm (TS) Haima (2004) into an extratropical cyclone (EC) is carried out numerically since,after landfall,Haima (2004) (as an EC) brought severe weather to a large area (from the south to the north) in China during 13-16 September 2004.With the linear diagnostic model (derived in a previous study) for the tangentially-averaged radial-vertical circulation within vortices moving on the spherical Earth,Haima’s (2004) life cycle is reconstructed noticeably well.Therefore,the major contributor could be identified confidently for Haima’s (2004) extratropical transition based on the diagnostic model outputs.The quantitative comparison shows that up to a 90% contribution to the innerregion updraft and a 55% contribution to the upper-layer outflow come from latent heating during Haima’s (2004) TS stage.Up to a 90% contribution to the inner-region updraft and nearly a 100% contribution to the upper-layer outflow come from the upper-layer eddy angular momentum advection (EAMA) during Haima’s (2004) EC stage.Representing the asymmetric structure of the storm,the predominantly positive contribution of the upper-layer EAMA to Haima’s (2004) transformation is closely associated with the Sshaped westerlies in the upper layer with two jets.One jet in the cyclonic-curvature area carries cyclonic angular momentum into the storm,and the other jet in the anticyclonic-curvature area carries anticyclonic angular momentum out of the storm.Consequently,the newly-increased cyclonic tangential wind is deflected by the Coriolis force to the right to form the upper-layer outflow accompanied by the central-area rising motion,leading to Haima’s (2004) extratropical transition after its landfall.     

1960～2018年中国高温热浪的线性趋势分析方法与变化趋势

高温热浪直接影响人体健康和作物生长。研究全球变暖背景下我国高温热浪发生率的趋势是气候变化研究的基本问题之一,可为人们的生产生活等提供重要的科学信息。目前对于高温热浪趋势的研究大都使用最小二乘（Ordinary Least Squares,OLS）方法估计趋势,结合学生t检验判断趋势的统计显著性。本文审视了以往常用方法在研究我国高温热浪发生率的线性趋势时的适用性。首先,以2018年东北局部地区因当年高温日数异常多而形成离群值的例子展开,说明OLS方法估计趋势时对离群值非常敏感,造成虚假趋势。进一步,通过正态分布检验和自相关计算,发现1960~2018年中国至少有91.14%站点、90.06%格点的高温日数和92.18%站点、87.74%格点的热浪次数的序列不服从正态分布,而且多数存在自相关。采用一种不易受离群值影响并考虑自相关的非参数方法,本文对1960～2018年中国站点和格点、4个典型区域以及全国平均的高温日数和热浪次数的线性趋势做出了更为准确的估计。研究发现,高温日数显著增多的站点主要出现在华南和西北地区,热浪次数呈显著增多趋势的站点目前几乎仅限于华南地区和新疆的个别站点;区域平均而言,仅有华南区域和西北区域的高温日数和热浪次数是显著增多的,华北区域和东北区域趋势并不显著;全国平均的高温日数和热浪次数都是显著增多的。本文对高温热浪的趋势及其显著性估计、统计预测的方法选择上有重要参考价值。     

STRUCTURE FEATURES AND COMPOSITE ANALYSIS OF CONVECTIVE CELLS IN A WARM SECTOR HEAVY RAINFALL EVENT OVER SOUTHERN CHINA

This paper uses the ARW-WRF model to carry out a numerical simulation of a warm-sector heavy rainfall event over southern China on the 22–23 May, 2014. A composite analysis method was used to analyze the evolution process and structural features of the convective cells on a convection line during this rainfall event. This analysis identified three stages: (1) Stage of activation: the equivalent potential temperature surfaces as lower layers start to bulge and form warm cells and weak vertical convective cloud towers which are subject to the impact of low-level warm moist updrafts in the rainfall sector; (2) Stage of development: the warm cells continue to bulge and form warm air columns and the convective cloud towers develop upwards becoming stronger as they rise; (3) Stage of maturity: the warm air columns start to connect with the stable layer in the upper air; the convective cloud tower will bend and tilt westward with each increasing in height, and the convection cell is characterized by a “crescent-shaped echo” above the 700hPa plane. During this stage the internal temperature of the cell is higher than the ambient temperature and the dynamic structural field is manifested as intensive vertical upward movement. The large-value centers of the northerly and westerly winds in the middle layer correspond to the warm moist center in the cells and the relatively cold center south of the warm air column. Further analysis shows that the formation of the “crescent-shaped” convective cell is associated with horizontal vorticity. Horizontal vorticity in the center and west of the warm cell experiences stronger cyclonic and anticyclonic shear transformation over time; this not only causes the original suborbicular cell echo shape to develop into a crescent-like shape, but also makes a convection line consisting of cells that develop to the northwest.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION STUDY ON THE RAPID INTENSIFICATION OF TYPHOON HAIKUI (1211) OFF THE SHORE OF CHINA

Forecasting the rapid intensification of tropical cyclones over offshore areas remains difficult. In this article, the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model was used to study the rapid intensification of Typhoon Haikui (1211) off the shore of China. After successful simulation of the intensity change and track of the typhoon, the model output was further analyzed to determine the mechanism of the rapid change in intensity. The results indicated that a remarkable increase in low-level moisture transportation toward the inner core, favorable large-scale background field with low-level convergence, and high-level divergence played key roles in the rapid intensification of Typhoon Haikui in which high-level divergence could be used as an indicator for the rapid intensity change of Typhoon Haikui approximately 6 h in advance. An analysis of the typhoon structure revealed that Typhoon Haikui was structurally symmetric during the rapid intensification and the range of the eyewall was small in the low level but extended outward in the high level. In addition, the vertically ascending motion, the radial and tangential along wind speeds increased with increasing typhoon intensity, especially during the process of rapid intensification. Furthermore, the intensity of the warm core of the typhoon increased during the intensification process with the warm core extending outward and toward the lower layer. All of the above structural changes contributed to the maintenance and development of typhoon intensity.     

1972—2019年南极威德尔冰间湖以及莫德高地冰间湖的特征分析

基于美国冰雪中心以及AMSR-2海冰密集度产品,分析了1972—2019年在威德尔海域发生的莫德高地冰间湖（1973、1980—2017年）以及威德尔冰间湖（1974—1976年）的时空变化特征,从而为研究冰间湖的形成和长期变化机制提供依据。选用40%海冰密集度阈值识别冰间湖,发现威德尔冰间湖（平均面积为250 000 km²）从结冰期至融冰期一直存在,而莫德高地冰间湖（面积从1980年的1 350 km²至2017年的53 180 km²）则出现日期晚（晚于7月18日）且持续时间短（除2017年长达90 d以上,一般在3~23 d内）。这些时空特征差异反映了与威德尔冰间湖和莫德高地冰间湖相关的海洋对流活动的巨大差异。基于漂流浮标数据评估了2016—2017年莫德高地冰间湖出现前中后区域的温盐变化特征,发现2016年夏季表层水盐度升高,且在2017年变得更暖更咸,但在2018年却变淡。这可能与莫德高地冰间湖在2016年冬出现、2017年冬面积增大以及2018年冬未出现的现象密切相关。此外,2019年在离莫德高地西南方3 000 km的海域首次出现了一个冰间湖,这可能是由于风暴过境导致。海洋和大气在冰间湖的产生、维持以及消散中起着重要作用。     

两类不同月平均气温空间推算方法的对比

利用全国660个常规气象站40年(1961-2000年)整编气象资料.采用逆距离权重反比法、样条函数法和普通克立格法等常用的3种插值方法,分析了直接插值法和综合余项法对气温插值的影响,提出了去除气温形成中的确定性部分后,以随机项进行插值可提高气温插值精度。并从空间上、时间上对比眲不同插值方法的误差,最后分析了气象站的空间分布密度对插值方法的敏感性。验证结果表明:除个别月份外,综合余项法的各项平均绝对误差均在1℃以内,比直接插值法减小了0.6～1.6℃,精度提高了38%～85%;且综合余项法的精度不依赖于台站密度的大小、插值方法的不同,具有较高的精确性和稳定性,这说明影响空间插值精度的关键因子并非是气象观测站点密度的提高、空问插值方法的改进。     

江苏省夏季浓雾的时空分布特征及气象影响因子分析

利用江苏省70个国家基本站逐10 min连续观测资料,对江苏省夏季浓雾的时空分布特征及影响因子进行分析研究。结果表明:(1)夏季浓雾易在气温小于29℃、风速低于3 m·s~(-1),且盛行偏东风的条件下形成;低温高湿的梅雨期是夏季浓雾在6月高发(42.4%)的可能原因。(2)夏季浓雾生消时间与秋、冬季显著不同,主要发生于00—06时,消散集中于05—08时,持续时间主要在6 h以内。(3)夏季浓雾以辐射雾为主,辐射雾、平流雾和锋面雾分别占58. 1%、35. 5%和6.4%。(4)夏季浓雾发生频次呈现从东北部沿海地区向西南部内陆地区递减的趋势,淮北地区夜间降温幅度高于苏南地区是出现这一现象的主要原因。(5)成雾前6～24 h出现的弱降水为近地层提供水汽,此后天气转晴,静稳的大气层结下有利于夏季浓雾的出现。     

北非地区海-陆热力差异与夏季江淮流域旱涝的关系

基于NCEP/NCAR月均再分析资料和中国743站降水资料,根据夏季江淮流域51 a(1954-2004年)区域旱涝指数的年代际变化特征,确定北非地区作为研究的关键区.分析发现,关键区的地表温度异常在冬季具有较好的持续性,冬季北大西洋涛动是导致这种异常持续性的重要原因之一.通过对前冬北非地区地表温度和夏季江淮流域降水的SVD分析发现:当北非大陆地区偏冷,其西北侧的海区偏暖时,江淮流域夏季的降水将整体偏多;反之,江淮流域夏季的降水整体偏少.进一步研究发现,北非地区海陆地表温度异常的对比,要比其中单一海洋或陆地区域的异常对夏季江淮流域的旱涝有更好的指示能力.文中定义了一个海陆热力差异指数来表征这种地表温度异常的对比程度,该指数和夏季江淮流域旱涝指数呈较好的正相关关系,并且对夏季江淮流域极端旱涝年份也有较好的指示,认为该指数可以作为一个指示江淮流域整体旱涝事件的预报因子.     

长江下游地区汛期暴雨气候特征分析

IPCC(1995)第二次科学评估报告指出了极端气象事件变化研究的重要意义[1].长江下游地区地势低平,往往是我国暴雨洪涝的多发区域,造成严重灾害,因此,研究长江下游地区暴雨的规律具有极其重要的意义.选取了长江下游地区52站1960～2003年逐日降水资料,运用EOF分析将其分为3个分区,采用小波分析,Mann-kendall非参数检验法及趋势系数法等分析方法研究各分区汛期暴雨降水的气候统计特征.结果表明:虽然汛期同为暴雨降水的集中时期,但各分区暴雨降水在汛期降水中所占比重略有差异,暴雨降水量、频次所占比例的空间分布为西区较大、东区和北区略小,暴雨平均强度则西区和北区东部强、其他区域小.同一区域中降水量与频次具有显著的正相关,不同区域间仅暴雨降水量的相关性较好.暴雨降水量44 a中呈现了增加的趋势.各区汛期暴雨具有多重时间尺度的周期变化,暴雨降水量和频次的周期在西区与全区的较为一致,主要是6～9 a的周期振荡.东区和北区有着不同尺度的振荡周期.各区的暴雨降水强度都不同程度地存在着3 a的周期振荡.长江下游地区汛期暴雨降水量除北区外,全区及其他分区的突变时刻均发生在1980年代末～1990年代初这一时期,暴雨降水量在1980年代中期～20世纪末出现了一个增长的过程,北区趋势并不显著.全区暴雨平均强度在突变时刻之后有一个减弱的过程,而西区和北区的暴雨平均强度变化并不显著.