基于可靠性的海洋石油平台维修策略研究

针对海洋石油平台传统维修方式依赖经验的缺陷,从可靠性分析角度来制定维修策略,包括确定最佳维修周期和制定设备的检修顺序。以胜利油田埕岛中心一号海洋石油动力平台电力系统为例,采用基于最小割集的数值仿真方法进行故障树分析,通过任务可靠度推出任务时间,实现以可靠性为中心的最佳预防性维修周期的确定。此外,对系统进行重要度分析,按关键重要度大小进行排序,从而制定设备的检修顺序。     

深部地质结构对浅层地质与成矿作用的制约——以中国东部大陆及海区为例

根据十余年来参加中国岩石圈三维结构研究和国际合作编图资料,将深部地质结构与浅层地质、成矿特征进行统一的综合分析研究,对中国东部及邻近海域地质构造取得一些新认识,提出一些新观点:(1)在中国大陆及邻近海域400 km深度内,划分出5层地质结构,其中第3、4层之间的变化制约了浅层地质与成矿作用;(2)中国大陆及海区受周边动力挤压,其中西部挤压力大于东部,导致西部软流圈物质经4条路径向东流动,使东部汇聚巨大巨厚的软流圈,形成独特的软流圈巨量热能(力)-动力主体动力区,构成了亚洲大陆第4个主体动力区;(3)太平洋板块俯冲力制约了北纬42°40'以北的完达山及俄罗斯远东地区,菲律宾海板块俯冲力制约了台湾和中国东南沿海地区,二者的动力之和构成了阻挡软流圈物质向东部洋区流动的"远程力效应";(4)软流圈巨量热能(力)-动力作用的主体动力区打造了中国东部及海区7项地质、地貌特征和三大类矿产资源效应。其中岩浆活动与化石燃料矿产(石油、天然气、煤)之间不是"水火不相容",而是岩浆活动为提升油-气成熟度和煤化作用及变质作用提供了重要的温度条件;(5)软流圈巨量热能(力)-动力作用打造了中国东部及海区一些独有的地质作用:①形成了新生代南海小洋盆,并向巴拉望岛俯冲。②产生了新生代陆缘裂谷带,形成了琼州海峡、台湾海峡,并向台湾岛轻度俯冲。③大面积的巨厚软流圈是一座"巨型岩浆山",成为东部及海区"地幔柱"的统一"根基"。地幔柱实际上是巨大"岩浆山"中的"岩浆山峰",今后会发现更多"地幔柱"(即"岩浆山峰")。④中国东部地震除吉林省珲春地区的深源地震(540 km)外,朝鲜半岛及其以西的中国东部和海区均为浅源与中深源地震(震源深度小于100 km),其主体动力都来自本区巨量热能(力)-动力源,太平洋板块-菲律宾海板块的联合俯冲力只起了"远程力效应"的深部侧向挤压辅助作用。⑤巨量热能(力)-动力作用形成了一系列盆-山耦合带,组成了中国东部及海区中-新生代"盆-山耦合群","盆"里有油气资源,"山"里有内生矿产。     

黄东海浮游生物群落呼吸率对碳平衡的重要性

黄东海接受长江冲淡水和黑潮带来的大量营养盐和有机物质,其碳循环对陆架海碳源汇格局至关重要.浮游生物群落呼吸是影响碳循环的重要过程.为揭示黄东海浮游生物群落呼吸率(PCR)对碳平衡的贡献,于2011年四季使用黑白瓶培养法测定黄海南部及东海北部浮游群落呼吸率和初级生产力,并同步测定温度、盐度、营养盐、叶绿素和细菌丰度等环境...     

三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)foxl2基因功能初探及相关miRNA分析

foxl2在脊椎动物卵巢分化、发育和功能维持等方面具有重要作用,然而其在三疣梭子蟹(Por-tunus trituberculatus)卵巢发育中的功能尚不明确.本研究首先克隆了三疣梭子蟹foxl2(Ptfoxl2)基因cDNA全长序列,该基因5′和3′非编码区域(UTR)长度分别为701?bp和211?bp,开放阅读...     

Non-equilibrium flocculation characteristics of fine-grained sediments in grid-generated turbulent flow

Results are presented from a series of settling column experiments investigating temporal variations in the flocculation characteristics of purely cohesive (kaolin clay) sediment suspensions and cohesive (kaolin) and non-cohesive (fine sand) sediment fraction mixtures. Experimental runs were conducted under controlled hydrodynamic conditions generated by a rigid array of in-phase oscillating grids. The results indicated that rapid initial floc aggregation occurred under low turbulent shear rates, with peak maximal and root-mean-square (r.m.s.) floc sizes (∼ 400 μm and ∼ 200 μm, respectively) attained after relatively short time periods, before reducing with time. By contrast, lower aggregation rates and smaller floc sizes were observed under higher shear conditions, with flocs retaining suspended in the settling column for longer time scales due to the increased turbulence. The mud input concentration displayed some correlation with maximal and r.m.s. floc sizes at higher shear rates but no correlation was apparent at low shear rates. This observed floc behaviour may be attributed to the differences in concentration gradients at high and low shear rates that affect both floc settling rate and time required for flocs to attain equilibrium size. The addition of the fine sand fraction to the kaolin clay suspension reduced both the initial floc formation (i.e. aggregation) rate and the maximal and r.m.s. floc sizes attained throughout the experiments. The reduction in maximal floc sizes appeared to be enhanced by an increase in the ratio of fine sand to kaolin clay content within the mixture.     

Impact of Alaskan Stream eddies on chlorophyll distribution in the North Pacific

The impact of the Alaskan Stream (AS) eddies on the chlorophyll a (chl-a) distribution in the central subarctic North Pacific was investigated through analysis of chl-a and altimetry data from satellite observations. Altimetry observations provided the locations of mesoscale eddies in time and space within the maps of chlorophyll distributions. The climatological chl-a distributions averaged in the area and time showing presence of AS eddies suggested that AS eddies contributed significantly to the chl-a distribution in the deep-sea region of the subarctic North Pacific. The chl-a distribution was closely related to the AS eddies regardless of whether the eddy was located in or detached from the AS. A combination of two or three AS eddies sometimes formed high chl-a concentration belts that injected chlorophyll and coastal nutrient-rich waters southward from the Aleutian Islands far into the deep-sea region of the subarctic North Pacific. These results indicate that chl-a distribution in the central subarctic North Pacific was strongly impacted by AS eddies.     

Bathymetry enhancement by altimetry-derived gravity anomalies in the East Sea (Sea of Japan)

The gravity-geologic method (GGM) was used to enhance the bathymetry of the East Sea (Sea of Japan) with satellite altimetry-derived free-air gravity anomalies and shipborne depth measurements. By comparison with the bathymetry model of Smith and Sandwell’s (SAS) approach (1994), GGM was found to have an advantage with short wavelength (≤12 km) components, while SAS better predicts longer wavelength (≥25 km) components, despite its dependency on density contrast. To mitigate this limitation, a tuning density contrast of 10.25 g/cm³ between seawater and the seafloor was primarily estimated by the downward continuation method and then validated by the check points method with GGM. Similarly, SAS is limited by the “A” value in low-pass part of the Wiener filter, which defines the effective range of the wavelength components on bathymetry. As a final result, we present an enhanced GGM bathymetry model by integrating all available data.     

自然资源框架下海上风电的管理困境及对策

地方政府和能源部门是海上风电迅速发展的主要推动力,自然资源部门的参与度和话语权相对较低,导致自然资源部门倡导的集约节约用海等原则在海上风电开发过程中难以得到有效落实。文章梳理我国海上风电开发与管理的基本情况,分析自然资源框架下海上风电管理面临的困境及原因,提出完善海上风电管理的对策建议。研究结果表明,海上风电开发现阶段存在着发展规划制定不完善,地方自然资源部门监督职能难以有效发挥,部分项目存在“化整为零”违规审批等问题。上述问题既是地方政府在海上风电开发过程中强势推动政策的负面结果,也与自然资源部门自身职责定位、相关规划和审批依据不健全、监督管理力量不足等因素有关。为有效履行国土空间用途管制的职责,自然资源部门需要发挥国土空间规划体系对海上风电开发的指导作用,借助海洋督察推动地方政府落实海洋自然资源监管责任,并通过及时制定可操作性审批标准、完善监督管理力量等方式,推动海上风电开发能够合理利用海洋空间。     

Observations and modelling of the travel time delay and leading negative phase of the 16 September 2015 Illapel,Chile tsunami

The systematic discrepancies in both tsunami arrival time and leading negative phase (LNP) were identified for the recent transoceanic tsunami on 16 September 2015 in Illapel, Chile by examining the wave characteristics from the tsunami records at 21 Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) sites and 29 coastal tide gauge stations. The results revealed systematic travel time delay of as much as 22 min (approximately 1.7％ of the total travel time) relative to the simulated long waves from the 2015 Chilean tsunami. The delay discrepancy was found to increase with travel time. It was difficult to identify the LNP from the near-shore observation system due to the strong background noise, but the initial negative phase feature became more obvious as the tsunami propagated away from the source area in the deep ocean. We determined that the LNP for the Chilean tsunami had an average duration of 33 min, which was close to the dominant period of the tsunami source. Most of the amplitude ratios to the first elevation phase were approximately 40％, with the largest equivalent to the first positive phase amplitude. We performed numerical analyses by applying the corrected long wave model, which accounted for the effects of seawater density stratification due to compressibility, self-attraction and loading (SAL) of the earth, and wave dispersion compared with observed tsunami waveforms. We attempted to accurately calculate the arrival time and LNP, and to understand how much of a role the physical mechanism played in the discrepancies for the moderate transoceanic tsunami event. The mainly focus of the study is to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of each secondary physical effect to the systematic discrepancies using the corrected shallow water model. Taking all of these effects into consideration, our results demonstrated good agreement between the observed and simulated waveforms. We can conclude that the corrected shallow water model can reduce the tsunami propagation speed and reproduce the LNP, which is observed for tsunamis that have propagated over long distances frequently. The travel time delay between the observed and corrected simulated waveforms is reduced to <8 min and the amplitude discrepancy between them was also markedly diminished. The incorporated effects amounted to approximately 78％ of the travel time delay correction, with seawater density stratification, SAL, and Boussinesq dispersion contributing approximately 39％, 21％, and 18％, respectively. The simulated results showed that the elastic loading and Boussinesq dispersion not only affected travel time but also changed the simulated waveforms for this event. In contrast, the seawater stratification only reduced the tsunami speed, whereas the earth's elasticity loading was responsible for LNP due to the depression of the seafloor surrounding additional tsunami loading at far-field stations. This study revealed that the traditional shallow water model has inherent defects in estimating tsunami arrival, and the leading negative phase of a tsunami is a typical recognizable feature of a moderately strong transoceanic tsunami. These results also support previous theory and can help to explain the observed discrepancies.     

桑沟湾不同形态锰的分布、季节变化及影响因素

利用催化动力学分光光度法和两步提取法对2011年4月（春）、8月（夏）、10月（秋）和2012年1月（冬）桑沟湾海域溶解态无机锰(DIMn)和表层沉积物中的锰的含量进行测定。结果表明,桑沟湾4个季节（春季至冬季,后同）DIMn浓度呈现出近岸高、远岸低的分布特点,其平均浓度分别为(60.5±43.1) nmol/L、(42.0±30.5) nmol/L、(23.4±11.2) nmol/L和(18.2±13.5) nmol/L,呈现出明显的季节变化,即春季最高,夏季、秋季次之,冬季最低;与相邻的俚岛湾和爱莲湾相比,桑沟湾春季、夏季DIMn的浓度较高,秋季、冬季则没有显著性差异。桑沟湾表层沉积物中总Mn在4个季节的含量分别为(861±308) mg/kg、(915±322) mg/kg、(589±108) mg/kg、(653±185) mg/kg,表层沉积物中醋酸提取态Mn在4个季节的含量分别为(500±272) mg/kg、(502±232) mg/kg、(322±81) mg/kg、(345±91) mg/kg,两者均表现出近岸高、远岸低的分布特点。醋酸提取态Mn的含量在春季、夏季要显著高于秋季、冬季。悬浮颗粒物的吸附和浮游生物的利用是影响桑沟湾DIMn浓度与分布的重要因素。桑沟湾DIMn的源主要包括河流及地下水输送、大气输送、沉积物−水界面释放;汇主要包括养殖生物的清除、向黄海的输送等。简单箱式模型收支计算结果显示,桑沟湾DIMn的源略大于汇,表明除了养殖生物的清除和向黄海的输送,桑沟湾DIMn还存在其他汇。本研究的结果为桑沟湾DIMn的生物地球化学循环的深入认识提供了基础数据。