Array processing-a new method to detect and correct errors on array resistivity logging tool measurements

In recent years more and more multi-array logging tools, such as the array induction and the array lateralog, are applied in place of conventional logging tools resulting in increased resolution, better radial and vertical sounding capability and other features. Multi-array logging tools acquire several times more individual measurements than conventional logging tools. In addition to new information contained in these data, there is a certain redundancy among the measurements. The sum of the measurements actu- ally composes a large matrix. Providing the measurements are error-free, the elements of this matrix show certain consistencies. Taking advantage of these consistencies, an innovative method is developed to de- tect and correct errors in the array resistivity logging tool raw measurements, and evaluate the quality of the data. The method can be described in several steps. First, data consistency patterns are identified based on the physics of the measurements. Second, the measurements are compared against the consis- tency patterns for error and bad data detection. Third, the erroneous data are eliminated and the measure- ments are re-constructed according to the consistency patterns. Finally, the data quality is evaluated by comparing the raw measurements with the re-constructed measurements. The method can be applied to all array type logging tools, such as array induction tool and array resistivity tool. This paper describes the method and illustrates its application with the High Definition Lateral Log (HDLL, Baker Atlas) instru- ment. To demonstrate the efficiency of the method, several field examples are shown and discussed.     

Glonass Laser Ranging Accuracy With Satellite Signature Effect

GLONASS satellites have been tracked by the worldwide laser ranging networkas well as by the GLONASS-borne microwave-based technique. Owing to thelarge size of their corner cube reflector arrays, the amount of ranging data is enough to determine their orbits from laser ranging data alone. We found, however, that the large size of the array affected the accuracy of measurement to an extent that is dependent on the characteristics of the ranging systems. An azimuthal variation of the reflector array response was also detected in observations from single-photon laser ranging. Orbital analysis reveals that the effect makes the measured range on average 22 mm shorter than expected in the absence of the large array, which explains more than half of the offset of 39 mm previously discovered between microwave and laser orbits.     

HO x production due to radon decay in air

The HO _x (OH and HO₂) production rate in indoor air caused by radon decay was measured by the chemical amplification technique. The average HO _x production rate was found to be (4.31±0.07)×10⁵ HO _x per Rn decay per second (Bq) within the range of relative humidity from 3.4 to 55.0 percent at 22 °C. This work providedG(HO _x )-value, 7.86±0.13 #/100 eV in air by directly measuring [HO _x ] from radiolysis of water vapor. It is also found that there is no obvious relationship between the HO _x production rate and the relative humidity in this range. Therefore, this work provides both the basic data for the evaluation of radioactive pollution in indoor air as well as a potentially useful way to produce HO _x concentrations in air.     

Ground-Water Tracing with Injected Helium

Helium has several characteristics that make it attractive for use as a tracer in hydrological studies. Two types of experiments were conducted to investigate applicability of helium as a tracer of ground-water movement. The experiments included studies using laboratory sand and soil columns and field ground-water tracing in a basaltic aquifer. A water helium analyzer comprised of a thin quartz glass membrane and diode ion pump (making use of the preferential permeation of helium through the quartz glass into an evacuated space) was developed and used for the experiments. Results of our studies demonstrated that breakthrough curves of specific conductance and helium were similar under saturated conditions. In the unsaturated sand/soil columns, breakthrough curves of helium were retarded relative to specific conductance reducing the usefulness of helium as a tracer.     

The aspiration towards universality in political theory and political geography

This paper seeks to trace and re-evaluate the convergence between political geography and contemporary political theory regarding the normative ascendancy of the local, contingent, concrete and particular over universal, abstract and general theories of justice. The search for universal norms has been roundly critiqued, principally by postmodern, communitarian and feminist authors, and in part this has paved the way for a recovery of content and context that appeals to political geographers. It is argued, however, that the wholesale rush to what is called here a persistent localism—in the form of the promotion of the claims of particular communities, partial and situated knowledges, the politics of difference—is premature. The dangers and inconsistencies of the latter may be avoided it is claimed by reiterating the minimal universalism contained in Habermas's theory of the public sphere. The theory is discussed and illustrated, compared to more aggressive proponents of universal standards of justice, and argued to be both normatively defensible and potentially geographically sensitive. The paper concludes that the aspiration to universality may be maintained within political geography.     

National and Regional Trends in “Jobs in Geography”: 1980–1993

The number of “Jobs in Geography” advertised in the AAG Newsletter for U.S. faculty positions is analyzed for the 14 academic years from 1979–80 through 1992–93. Results reveal more job opportunities in the latter half of the study period, especially for tenured/tenure track positions as opposed to temporary jobs. The share of available positions open to ranks above the Assistant Professor level is smaller in the early 1990s compared to the 1980s. A distinct decline in faculty openings occurs for 1992–1993. Considerable regional variations in the job market situation are revealed.     

XRF AND INAA DETERMINATIONS OF MAJOR AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF JAPAN IGNEOUS AND SEDIMENTARY ROCK STANDARDS

Major and trace element analyses have been obtained by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence for the Geological Survey of Japan Igneous rock series and selected samples from the Sedimentary rock series reference samples. Additional trace element data for the Igneous rock series were obtained by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Samples were analyzed multiple times for 10 major elements (with loss-on-ignition) and the following trace elements; As, Ba, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Eu, Ga, Hf, La, Lu, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn and Zr.