Transition from storm wave‐dominated outer shelf to gullied upper slope: The mid‐Pliocene Orinoco shelf margin,South Trinidad

Shelf‐edge deltas are a key depositional environment for accreting sediment onto shelf‐margin clinoforms. The Moruga Formation, part of the palaeo‐Orinoco shelf‐margin sedimentary prism of south‐east Trinidad, provides new insight into the incremental growth of a Pliocene, storm wave‐dominated shelf margin. Relatively little is known about the mechanisms of sand bypass from the shelf‐break area of margins, and in particular from storm wave‐dominated margins which are generally characterized by drifting of sand along strike until meeting a canyon or channel. The studied St. Hilaire Siltstone and Trinity Hill Sandstone succession is 260 m thick and demonstrates a continuous transition from gullied (with turbidites) uppermost slope upward to storm wave‐dominated delta front on the outermost shelf. The basal upper‐slope deposits are dominantly mass‐transport deposited blocks, as well as associated turbidites and debrites with common soft‐sediment‐deformed strata. The overlying uppermost slope succession exhibits a spectacular set of gullies, which are separated by abundant slump‐scar unconformities (tops of rotational slides), then filled with debris‐flow conglomerates and sandy turbidite beds with interbedded mudstones. The top of the study succession, on the outer‐shelf area, contains repeated upward‐coarsening, sandstone‐rich parasequences (2 to 15 m thick) with abundant hummocky and swaley cross‐stratification, clear evidence of storm‐swell and storm wave‐dominated conditions. The observations suggest reconstruction of the unstable shelf margin as follows: (i) the aggradational storm wave‐dominated, shelf‐edge delta front became unstable and collapsed down the slope; (ii) the excavated scars of the shelf margin became gullied, but gradually healed (aggraded) by repeated infilling by debris flows and turbidites, and then new gullying and further infilling; and (iii) a renewed storm wave‐dominated delta‐front prograded out across the healed outer shelf, re‐establishing the newly stabilized shelf margin. The Moruga Formation study, along with only a few others in the literature, confirms the sediment bypass ability of storm wave‐dominated reaches of shelf edges, despite river‐dominated deltas being, by far, the most efficient shelf‐edge regime for sediment bypass at the shelf break.     

Climatic characteristics of convective and stratiform precipitation over the Tropical and Subtropical areas as derived from TRMM PR

Climatic characteristics of convective and stratiform precipitation over the Tropical and Subtropical areas are investigated based on the measurements of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission’s(TRMM) Precipitation Radar(PR) from 1998 to 2007.Results indicate that convective precipitation are distributed mainly over the Intertropical Convergence Zone(ITCZ),the South Pacific Convergence Zone(SPCZ),the Asian Monsoon Region,regions between the South America and the Mid-America,and the Tropical Africa where the frequencies lie between 1% and 2%.But in four seasons,total area fractions of convective precipitation frequencies less than 1% all exceed 85%.The frequencies of stratiform precipitation are much higher than those of convective precipitation,and total area fractions of stratiform precipitation frequencies >1% are over 55% during four seasons.However,frequencies of the two rain types show not only remarkable regionality,but also distinct seasonal variations.Conditional rain rates of convective precipitation range from 6 to 14 mm/h whereas those of stratiform precipitation are smaller than 4 mm/h.Meanwhile,rain tops of convective precipitation are higher than those of stratiform precipitation.The mean profiles of the two rain types show significant latitudinal dependency.And the seasonal variations of precipitation profiles are displayed mainly in the variations of rain tops.The frequencies and conditional rain rates of both rain types over ocean are higher than those over land,but rain tops are just the opposite.Moreover,the seasonal variations of both rain types over ocean are weaker than those over land because of the different stable states of underlying surfaces.     

静力平衡近似下大气中非线性对称运动的稳定性、分岔和突变

本文在考虑基本气流具有非线性切变情况下,导出了对称运动所满足的非线性常微分方程,并用非线性系统的稳定、分岔、突变理论,严格地讨论了非线性对称运动的稳定性、分岔和突变问题,获得了一个推广的对称不稳定判据,找到了突变产生的条件。     

Lyman α radiative transfer in a multiphase medium

Hydrogen Lyman α (Lyα) is our primary emission-line window into high-redshift galaxies. Despite an extensive literature, Lyα radiative transfer in the most realistic case of a dusty, multiphase medium has received surprisingly little detailed theoretical attention. We investigate Lyα resonant scattering through an ensemble of dusty, moving, optically thick gas clumps. We treat each clump as a scattering particle and use Monte Carlo simulations of surface scattering to quantify continuum and Lyα surface scattering angles, absorption probabilities, and frequency redistribution, as a function of the gas dust content. This atomistic approach speeds up the simulations by many orders of magnitude, making possible calculations which are otherwise intractable. Our fitting formulae can be readily adapted for fast radiative transfer in numerical simulations. With these surface scattering results, we develop an analytic framework for estimating escape fractions and line widths as a function of gas geometry, motion, and dust content. Our simple analytic model shows good agreement with full Monte Carlo simulations. We show that the key geometric parameter is the average number of surface scatters for escape in the absence of absorption,     , and we provide fitting formulae for several geometries of astrophysical interest. We consider the following two interesting applications. (i) Equivalent widths ( EWs ). Lyα can preferentially escape from a dusty multiphase interstellar medium if most of the dust lies in cold neutral clouds, which Lyα photons cannot penetrate. This might explain the anomalously high EWs sometimes seen in high-redshift/submillimetre sources. (ii) Multiphase galactic outflows . We show the characteristic profile is asymmetric with a broad red tail, and relate the profile features to the outflow speed and gas geometry. Many future applications are envisaged.     

设计模式及其在J2ME中的应用

设计模式被描述为在一定的环境中解决某一类问题的方案.已成为现代软件系统设计的重要研究对象.介绍了J2ME体系结构,并深入探讨了3种典型设计模式在J2ME开发中的应用.     

水准路线图自动绘制实现方法

本文以某工程为例,介绍了水准路线图绘制方法,并编制自动绘制软件。软件可根据提供的点位信息自动绘制标准图幅的路线图,并具有点位标定准确、图幅信息完整、界面整饰美观的特点,同时极大提高了作业效率。     

中国地质学会2022年度“地质科技重要进展”和“地质找矿重大成果”揭晓

2023年3月21日,经单位推荐形式审查公示初审审定等程序,遴选产生了中国地质学会2022年度“地质科技重要进展、地质找矿重大成果”（附表1、表2）     

The first discovery of axinite in the Furong tin deposit,southern Hunan: An important boron -bearing mineral and its implications for tin mineralizationSCIEI北大核心CSCD

世界上绝大部分锡矿床均与富F、Cl、Li、B等挥发份的高分异花岗岩有关,前人对F、Cl、Li等组份在花岗质岩浆演化及锡成矿过程中的作用已有较为深入的认识,但对挥发份B关注较少。南岭中段的芙蓉超大型锡矿床是我国重要锡矿产地,我们首次在该矿床发现了硼硅酸盐矿物中罕见的斧石,为研究挥发份B对锡成矿的作用提供了机会。通过详细的岩石学、矿物学和地球化学研究,揭示了斧石的产出特征、晶体结构和化学成分特征,进而探讨了挥发份B与该区花岗岩成岩成矿的关系。芙蓉锡矿床新发现的斧石为丁香褐色、块状构造、硬度较大,显微镜下呈无色、浅黄色等,主要为自形尖劈状的楔形、长条状等自形结构、正高突起、干涉色较低,与符山石、萤石、石榴子石、榍石等矿物共生。电子探针分析表明,芙蓉矿床的斧石属铁斧石,其平均化学式为Ca_(2.22)(Fe_(0.52),Mn_(0.41),Mg_(0.13))1.06Al_(2.11)B_(0.72)Si_(3.98)O_(15.5)。结合前人研究成果,芙蓉矿床斧石、电气石、硼镁铁矿等富B矿物的广泛产出,指示了骑田岭花岗岩富含挥发份B;硅酸盐熔体中挥发份B的存在,能降低岩浆粘度,增加岩浆的结晶分异程度,延长岩浆寿命,进而有利于Sn等不相容元素在岩浆演化过程中向残余熔体富集。B与锡成矿的关系密切,岩浆中的B能提高源区Sn的萃取效率,增加原始岩浆中Sn的含量;B能形成锡的络合物,有利于锡的长距离运移;B与Sn具有相似的地球化学行为,在岩浆演化过程中,富集于残余熔体中,进一步演化后富集于成矿流体中。此外,在芙蓉锡矿床,随着含B矿物的不断被发现,表明该矿床可能具有寻找伴生硼矿的潜力。     

Debris flow overflowing flexible barrier: physical process and drag load characteristics

Landslides - The multiple-barrier mitigation strategy in the debris-flow source area is an effective approach to inhibit debris-flow entrainment and scale amplification along the flow path....