Adsorption of Pentachlorophenol onto Oxide and Clay Minerals： Surface Reaction Model and Environmental Implications

The adsorption of pentachlorophenol （PCP） onto quartz, kaolinite, illite, montmorillonite and iron oxides has been investigated by batch equilibrium techniques. The pH-dependent isotherms are curves with peak values, the position of which is at about pH = 5-6 depending on the mineral species. Based on distribution of both speciation of surface hydroxyls on minerals and PCP in solution a surface reaction model involving surface complexation and surface electrostatic attraction is presented to fit the pH-dependent isotherms, and both reaction constants are calculated. The results show that on quartz and phyllosilicate minerals the predominant adsorption reaction is surface complexation, meanwhile both of surface electrostatic attraction and surface complexation are involved on the iron oxide minerals. The reaction constants of surface electrostatic adsorption are usually one to three orders in magnitude, larger than that of surface complexation. The concentration-dependent isotherms can be well fitted by Langmnir equation with the correlation coefficient R〉0.93 for kaolinite and iron oxides. The maximum adsorption is found in the order： hematite 〉 lepidocrocite 〉 goethite 〉 kaolinite 〉 quartz 〉 montmorillonite ≈ illite, which can be interpreted by consideration of both reaction mechanism and surface hydroxyl density. The significant adsorption of PCP onto mineral surfaces suggests that clay and iron oxide minerals will play an important role as HIOCs are adsorbed in laterite or latertoid soil, which is widespread in South China.     

Chemical Composition of Ancient Celadon Material （1127-1279 A.D.） from Zhejiang, China and Its Implication

The microprobe EDXRF equipment was used for analysis of the major and trace elements in glaze layer-transitive layer-body layer of the celadon from the Altar Yao （Kiln） and Laohudong Yao in the Southern Song Dynasty （1127-1279 A.D.）, Zhejiang, China. The K values of the discriminant factor for the celadon wares are larger than 8, which means the celadon of the Altar Yao and Laohudong Yao are different from that of the Longquan Yao. The former two belong to the Guan Yao system （the Chinese imperial kilns）, but the latter to the Min Yao system （the Chinese popular kilns）. The principle component analysis shows their relationship between the Altar and Laohudong wares with provenance postulation. The thickness of the transitive layer in the Altar and Laohudong wares is obviously different, which reveals the microstructure characteristics of the celadon even though both kinds of wares belong to the imperial kiln system.     

Early solar system aqueous activity: K isotope evidence from Allende

The alkali element K is moderately volatile and fluid mobile; thus, it can be influenced by both primary processes (evaporation and recondensation) in the solar nebula and secondary processes (thermal and aqueous alteration) in the parent body. Since these primary and secondary processes would induce different isotopic fractionations, K isotopes could become a potential tracer to distinguish them. Using recently developed methods with improved precision (0.05‰, 95% confidence interval), we systematically measured the K isotopic compositions and major/trace elemental compositions of chondritic components (18 chondrules, 3 CAIs, 2 matrices, and 5 bulks) in the carbonaceous chondrite fall Allende. Among all the components analyzed in this study, CAIs, which formed initially under high‐temperature conditions in the solar nebula and were dominated by nominally K‐free refractory minerals, have the highest K₂O content (average 0.53 wt%) and have K isotope compositions most enriched in heavy isotopes (δ⁴¹K: ?0.30 to ?0.25‰). Such an observation is consistent with previous petrologic studies that show CAIs in Allende have undergone alkali enrichment during metasomatism. In contrast, chondrules contain lower K₂O content (0.003–0.17 wt%) and generally lighter K isotope compositions (δ⁴¹K: ?0.87‰ to ?0.24‰). The matrix and bulks are nearly identical in K₂O content and K isotope compositions (0.02–0.05 wt%; δ⁴¹K: ?0.62 to ? 0.46‰), which are, as expected, right in the middle of CAIs and chondrules. This strongly indicates that most of the chondritic components of Allende suffered aqueous alteration and their K isotopic compositions are the ramification of Allende parent‐body processing instead of primary nebular signatures. Nevertheless, we propose the small K isotope fractionations observed (< 1‰) among Allende components are likely similar to the overall range of K isotopic fractionation that occurred in nebular environment. Furthermore, the K isotope compositions seen in the components of Allende in this study are consistent with MC‐ICP‐MS analyses of the components in ordinary chondrites, which also show an absence of large (10‰) isotope fractionations. This is not expected as evaporation experiments in nebular conditions suggest there should be large K isotopic fractionations. Nevertheless, possible nebular processes such as chondrules back exchanging with ambient gas when they formed could explain this lack of large K isotopic variation.     

伽师强震群的深部动力学条件

根据天山造山带及其两侧的塔里木盆地和准噶尔盆地的岩石圈二维速度结构、二维密度结构、二维电性结构、壳幔过渡带的详细结构以及大地热流和震源深度的分布,再结合对新疆西北部的蛇绿岩带、高压变质带和岩浆岩分布的综合分析,建立了天山造山带的地球动力学“层间插入消减”模型。该模型认为,塔里木板块的中上地壳在库尔勒断裂附近向天山造山带的中下地壳层间插入;而下地壳连同岩石圈地幔向天山造山带的上地幔俯冲消减。在天山的西段（哈萨克斯坦境内）,费尔干纳地块由北向南插入到南天山之下约180km的深处,在其东段（中国境内）,塔里木盆地由南向北插入南天山之下。这两个具有不同方向的下降板片的接触部位为费尔干纳走滑断裂。我国的伽师、喀什、乌恰地震区均落在这两个具有不同俯冲方向板块的结合部位附近,有着特殊的深部构造背景。南、北两大板块的双向挤压必定产生强大的应力,在地震区附近,这种应力的积累与释放具有4个显著的特点：（1）板片的俯冲消减速度约高达每年22mm左右;（2）应力的积累与释放速率加快;（3）应力释放较容易;（4）应力释放较为集中。这4个特点可能是伽师地区在较短的时间内连续发生数次强震的构造因素。     

合肥市地下空间开发地质环境适宜性评价

为查明合肥市地下空间开发地质环境影响因素,评价该市地下空间开发地质环境的适宜性,通过研究地质环境条件,选取工程地质条件、水文地质条件、地壳稳定性、地面及地下空间条件4个要素作为地下空间开发地质环境适宜性评价因子.在单因子地下空间开发适宜性评价的基础上,利用层次分析法确定权重,以MAPGIS为平台,运用模糊数学综合评价方...     

西太平洋海山区构造分区图编制及玄武岩Nd同位素填图

基于公开的地球物理、地球化学数据以及国内外航次调查积累的海底地形等资料,笔者编制了西太平洋海山区1:500万构造分区图.西太平洋海山区构造分区图包括1幅主图和3幅辅图,主图为《西太平洋海山区构造分区图》,共划分出了3个一级板块、22个二级分区块体、12个三级分区块体,3幅辅图分别为《西太平洋海山区地质构造图》、《西太平...     

强降水天气过程“三个叫应”业务系统的研究与实现

为提高气象服务的及时性和针对性,提高工作效率和质量,兴仁市气象局研发了强降水天气过程“三个叫应”业务系统。该系统基于省级气象大数据平台进行开发,实现了降水量监测、告警、图形化显示、自动显示叫应对象信息、自动生成服务材料、记录值班日记、生成工作总结等功能。系统操作简单,运行稳定可靠,大幅提升了业务自动化程度和气象服务能力。     

长江经济带城市土地利用效率的影响因素及其空间溢出效应研究

在人多地少的基本国情下,提高城市土地利用效率是促进区域可持续发展和建设生态文明的内在要求。本文在对2009-2016年长江经济带108个地级及以上城市土地利用效率的研究基础上,采用空间相关性研究方法分析了时空分布格局,通过构建空间杜宾模型(SDM)对其空间溢出效应进行分析。研究结果表明:1)2009-2016年长江经济带城市土地利用效率整体呈现稳定上升趋势;基本呈现以上海、南京、武汉等不同城市群中心城市向外逐步降低的“中心-外围”的分布格局。2)通过构建空间杜宾模型分析发现,经济发展水平、产业结构有显著为正的直接效应和溢出效应;土地市场化水平有显著为正的溢出效应;城市固定资产投资对城市土地利用效率具有正的直接效应和负的溢出效应;政府财政支出水平则对城市土地利用效率的直接效应和溢出效应均不明显。3)不同影响因素对经济带上中下游城市土地利用效率的空间效应存在一定差异性。     

两种测高重力异常反演海底地形方法比较

针对基于测高重力异常反演海底地形理论众多、选取标准无法确定的情况,利用中国南海海域内的测高重力异常和船测水深数据研究比较了重力地质法(GGM)和SmithSandwell (SAS)法两种精度高、计算速度相对较快的海底地形反演理论。其中,GGM方法的密度差异常数Δρ由向下延拓技术确定为2.15 g·cm-3,SAS方法采用移去-恢复技术得到反演波段内重力异常和水深数据。结果表明:测线分布条件一定时,水深多在-1 000 m左右或反演区域岛礁、海山等复杂海底地形较多时选取SAS方法,水深主要在-3 000 m以深的区域或海底地形复杂程度不高时选取GGM方法则能获取更好的效果,其效果最优处与船测水深在检核点处的差值最优平均值能达-0.61 m,标准差可达14.67 m。     

海洋温差发电系统中板式换热器换热特性研究

对传统可拆式板式换热器进行了改良,以适用于海洋温差能发电系统工况,并对改良后的板式换热器进行了理论数值分析。研建了海洋温差发电系统测试平台,对系统内的换热器换热特性进行测试,在不同工况下对换热器换热特性进行了实验研究,得到了板式换热器瞬态运行特性,同时还得到了换热器换热特性随热流密度的变化曲线及压降随工质流量的变化关系。结合实验数据拟合了换热器换热特性经验关联式和压降随工质流量关联式,预测值和实验值偏差均在20%以内。结果表明:在实验系统运行工况范围内,换热器的换热系数随着热流密度的增加而增大,当热流密度大于3 kW/m2时,换热系数随热流密度变化的曲线斜率变小;换热器压降随着工质流量增大而增加,压降随工质流量变化的曲线斜率变大。