全文获取类型
收费全文 | 11774篇 |
免费 | 128篇 |
国内免费 | 70篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 240篇 |
大气科学 | 744篇 |
地球物理 | 2208篇 |
地质学 | 4605篇 |
海洋学 | 1181篇 |
天文学 | 2489篇 |
综合类 | 49篇 |
自然地理 | 456篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 144篇 |
2021年 | 206篇 |
2020年 | 190篇 |
2019年 | 227篇 |
2018年 | 526篇 |
2017年 | 431篇 |
2016年 | 477篇 |
2015年 | 188篇 |
2014年 | 413篇 |
2013年 | 606篇 |
2012年 | 462篇 |
2011年 | 562篇 |
2010年 | 556篇 |
2009年 | 643篇 |
2008年 | 575篇 |
2007年 | 573篇 |
2006年 | 493篇 |
2005年 | 327篇 |
2004年 | 311篇 |
2003年 | 281篇 |
2002年 | 274篇 |
2001年 | 245篇 |
2000年 | 254篇 |
1999年 | 169篇 |
1998年 | 184篇 |
1997年 | 171篇 |
1996年 | 115篇 |
1995年 | 131篇 |
1994年 | 115篇 |
1993年 | 97篇 |
1992年 | 71篇 |
1991年 | 98篇 |
1990年 | 97篇 |
1989年 | 68篇 |
1988年 | 79篇 |
1987年 | 99篇 |
1986年 | 80篇 |
1985年 | 107篇 |
1984年 | 95篇 |
1983年 | 104篇 |
1982年 | 86篇 |
1981年 | 81篇 |
1980年 | 97篇 |
1979年 | 88篇 |
1978年 | 87篇 |
1977年 | 77篇 |
1976年 | 59篇 |
1975年 | 63篇 |
1974年 | 71篇 |
1973年 | 64篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 265 毫秒
171.
E. Althaus A. Friz-Töpfer Dr. rer. nat. Ch. Lempp O. Natau 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》1994,27(1):1-21
Summary Deformation experiments have been performed in a triaxial compression cell at a temperature of 300°C and confining pressures up to 65 MPa using samples of homogeneous, fresh two-mica-granite (RM) and monzogranite (CM). The cylindrical specimens (d=70 mm, h=140 mm, V=540 cm3) were tested undrained under ORDER="0">dryORDER="0"> (105°C), ORDER="0">as receivedORDER="0">, and ORDER="0">water saturatedORDER="0"> conditions at deformation rates between
and
. The mechanical behaviour of the two types of coarse-grained, crystalloblastic granites is critically influenced by mineralogical composition, porosity, and the amount of intergranular water present in the samples. The failure stress of the CM granite is at about 65% of that of the RM granite; in both rocks strength decreases with increasing porosity and water content.The presence of interstitial water causes a failure mode of non-localized, homogeneously distributed microcracking in the central parts of the samples, whereas, in runs with dry granites, strain localization along a single shear fracture was observed. When aqueous fluids are present, the macroscopic style of deformation of granites appears to be ORDER="0">ductileORDER="0"> even at lowP andT conditions. Strength and angle of internal friction are reduced to very low values. The style of deformation, as well as the reduction of strength of the water-saturated rock samples, is due to mechanical and chemical effects of intergranular water at elevated temperatures.The maximum differential stresses measured for these coarse-grained granites are much lower than the strength commonly reported for other granites, e. g. Westerly and Charcoal granites. Our data suggest that the strength of the granitic crust under differential stress is lower than currently deduced from laboratory experiments. 相似文献
172.
Seismic hazard of Egypt 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Earthquake hazard parameters such as maximum expected magnitude,M
max, annual activity rate,ORDER="0">, andb value of the Gutenberg-Richter relation have been evaluated for two regions of Egypt. The applied maximum likelihood method permits the combination of both historical and instrumental data. The catalogue used covers earthquakes with magnitude ORDER="0">3 from the time interval 320–1987. The uncertainties in magnitude estimates and threshold of completeness were taken into account. The hazard parameter determination is performed for two study areas. The first area, Gulf of Suez, has higher seismicity level than the second, all other active zones in Egypt.b-values of 1.2 ± 0.1 and 1.0 ± 0.1 are obtained for the two areas, respectively. The number of annually expected earthquakes with magnitude ORDER="0">3 is much larger in the Gulf of Suez, 39 ± 2 than in the other areas, 6.1 ± 0.5. The maximum expected magnitude is calculated to be 6.5 ± 0.4 for a time span of 209 years for the Gulf of Suez and 6.1 ± 0.3 for a time span of 1667 years for the remaining active areas in Egypt. Respective periods of 10 and 20 years were reported for earthquakes of magnitude 5.0 for the two subareas. 相似文献
173.
The abundance of coexisting structural units in K-, Na-, and Li-silicate melts and glasses from 25° to 1654°C has been determined with in-situ micro-Raman spectroscopy. From these data an equilibrium constant, Kx, for the disproportionation reaction among the structural units coexisting in the melts, Si2O5(2Q3)ORDER="0">SiO3(Q2)+SiO2(Q4), was calculated (Kx is the equilibrium constant derived by using mol fractions rather than activities of the structural units). From ln Kx vs l/T relationships the enthalpy (ORDER="0">Hx) for the disproportionation reaction is in the range of-30 to 30 kJ/mol with systematic compositional dependence. In the potassium and sodium systems, where the disproportionation reaction shifts to the right with increasing temperature, the ORDER="0">Hx increases with silica content (M/Si decreases, M=Na, K). For melts and supercooled liquids of composition Li2O·2SiO2 (Li/Si=1), the ORDER="0">Hx is indistinguishable from 0. By decreasing the Li/Si to 0.667 (composition LS3) and beyond (e.g., LS4), the disproportionation reaction shifts to the left as the temperature is increased. For a given ratio of M/Si (M=K, Na, Li), there is a positive, near linear correlation between the ORDER="0">Hx and the Z/r2 of the metal cation. The slope of the ORDER="0">Hx vs Z/r2 regression lines increases as the system becomes more silica rich (i.e., M/Si is decreased). Activity coefficients for the individual structural units, ORDER="0">i, were calculated from the structural data combined with liquidus phase relations. These coefficients are linear functions of their mol fraction of the form ORDER="0">i=a lnX
i+b, where a is between 0.6 and 0.87, and X
i is the mol fraction of the unit. The value of the intercept, b, is near 0. The relationship between activity coefficients and abundance of individual structural units is not affected by temperature or the electronic properties of the alkali metal. The activity of the structural units, however, depend on their concentration, type of metal cation, and on temperature. 相似文献
174.
We have started a program of high-resolution (0.4ORDER="0">/pixel) 10ORDER="0">m imaging of bipolar outflow sources using the 10ORDER="0">m camera CAMIRAS. We present recent results obtained at the Canada France Hawaii Telescope which reveal extended emission or IR companions in several luminous objects. The extended emission we detected probably arises from transiently heated very small grains, while the newly discovered companions could contribute significantly to the outflow activity and extended far-IR emission usually attributed to the main optical source. 相似文献
175.
We have used the ESO 10 ORDER="0">m camera, TIMMI, to image with a very high angular resolution (PFoV: 0.3ORDER="0">; FWHM:0.9ORDER="0">) several main-sequence star disk candidates. Information on the ORDER="0">-Pictoris dust disk has been obtained in a region largely inaccessible to previous observations: 0–80 AU, with a resolution of about 5 AU after deconvolution. Another promising target for 10 ORDER="0">m imaging, 51 Ophiuchi, appears point-like.based on data collected at the European Southern Observatory (ESO), La Silla, Chile 相似文献
176.
O. Kjeldseth-Moe N. Brynildsen P. Brekke P. Maltby G. E. Brueckner 《Solar physics》1993,145(2):257-277
The fine structure in the flow field in the transition region above and surrounding a sunspot is determined fromCIV 1548 ORDER="0"> line profiles, observed with the High Resolution Telescope and Spectrograph (HRTS) during the Spacelab 2 mission. The observed line profiles show one, two, or three distinct velocity components within the resolution element of 1ORDER="0"> × 1ORDER="0">. Supersonic flows occur in small regions where the line profile has two or three components. The line component that shows supersonic speed often is weaker than the subsonic line component, which may explain why some observers have been unable to detect the supersonic flow component. The broadening of individual line components shows non-thermal velocities close to 20 km s–1. This suggests that turbulence is less important than usually considered.The presence of multiple flows, which also occurs in quiet solar regions, suggests that the transition region above sunspots has a sub-arc-second fine structure, perhaps consisting of thin fibrils. The Evershed flow in the transition region appears to have a correspondingly complex character, possibly consisting of sub- and supersonic siphon flows along the individual fibrils. Time changes in the flow field over 5 min may correspond to characteristic times of individual fine structures. Possible explanations of the net downward directed mass flux are presented. 相似文献
177.
In this work 13 Planetary Nebulae have been classified as Type I according to Peimbert's criteria (Peimbert, 1978). These objects have been added to a previous sample (Maciel and Faúndez-Abans, 1985) and diagrams of O/H versus N/H, S/H, Ne/H and Ar/H, as well as N/H versus S/H, Ne/H and Ar/H have been drawn. All of them exhibit a tendency for linear correlation; moreover, the behavior of O and N versus Ar and S are very similar, with approximately the same slope. When the excitation class parameter was included in the diagrams, no clear tendency can be discerned, for any class. 相似文献
178.
179.
The results of electron-microscopy investigations of calcite precipitated in a water-conducting fracture in a ca. 1800 Ma granitic rock from 207 m below sea level at the island of Aspo on the southeastern (Baltic) coast of Sweden are compared with measurements of carbon, oxygen, and sulfur isotope composition of the calcite and embedded pyrite. Parts of the calcite had extremely low delta 13C values, indicative of biological activity, and contained bacteria-like microfossils occurring in colonies and as typical biofllms. X-ray microanalysis demonstrated these fossils to be enriched in carbon. Our results provide evidence for ancient life in deep granitic rock aquifers and suggest that the modern microbial life found there is intrinsic. Modeling historical and present geochemical processes in deep granitic aquifers should, therefore, preferably include biologically catalyzed reactions. The results also suggest that the search for life on other planets, e.g., Mars, should include subsurface material. 相似文献
180.
Biomass burning in the tropical savannas of Ivory Coast: An overview of the field experiment Fire of Savannas (FOS/DECAFE 91) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J. P. Lacaux J. M. Brustet R. Delmas J. C. Menaut L. Abbadie B. Bonsang H. Cachier J. Baudet M. O. Andreae G. Helas 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1995,22(1-2):195-216
FOS/DECAFE 91 (Fire of Savannas/Dynamique et Chimie Atmosphérique en Forêt Equatoriale) was the first multidisciplinary experiment organized in Africa to determine gas and aerosol emissions by prescribed savanna fires. The humid savanna of Lamto in Ivory Coast was chosen for its ecological characteristics representative of savannas with a high biomass density (ORDER="0">900 g m–2 dry matter). Moreover the vegetation and the climate of Lamto have been studied for more than twenty years. The emission ratios (ORDER="0">X/ORDER="0">CO2) of the carbon compounds (CO2, CO, NMHC, CH4, PAH, organic acids and aerosols), nitrogen compounds (NOx, N2O, NH3 and soluble aerosols) and sulfur compounds (SO2, COS and aerosols) were experimentally determined by ground and aircraft measurements. To perform this experiment, 4 small plots (100×100 m) and 2 large areas (10×10 km) were prepared and burnt in January 1991 during the period of maximum occurrence of fires in this type of savanna. The detailed ecological study shows that the carbon content of the vegetation is constant within 1% (42 g C for 100 g of vegetal dry matter), the nitrogen content (0.29 g N for 100 g of dry matter) may vary by 10% and the sulfur content (0.05 g S/100 d.m.) by 20%. These variations of the biomass chemical content do not constitute an important factor in the variation of the gas and particle emission levels. With the emission ratios characteristic of humid savanna and flaming conditions (ORDER="0">CO/ORDER="0">CO2 of 6.1% at the ground and 8% for airborne measurements), we propose a set of new emission factors, taking into account the burning efficiency which is about 80%: 74.4% of the carbon content of the savanna biomass is released to the atmosphere in the form of CO2, 4.6% as CO, 0.2% as CH4, 0.5% as NMHC and 0.7% as aerosols. 17.2% of the nitrogen content of the biomass is released as NOx, 3.5% as N2O, 0.6% as NH3 and 0.5% as soluble aerosols. 相似文献