北京市PM_(2.5)中主要重金属元素污染特征及季节变化分析

利用2005年4月18日—2008年9月27日北京市中国地质大学(东门)采样点的PM2.5质量浓度变化与重金属Cd、Pb、As、Cu及Zn等污染特征,结合最新发布的《环境空气质量标准》(GB3095—2012),初步分析了近4年时间里北京市单点PM2.5的污染水平及主要重金属污染元素的变化特征,得出了一些有意义的认识。2005年春季—2008年春季期间PM2.5质量浓度为13.1～171μg/m3之间变化,平均浓度为65.6μg/m3,超过最新环境空气质量标准制定的PM2.5年平均浓度限值35μg/m3,北京市PM2.5污染形势依然严峻。奥运会及残奥会期间PM2.5的24 h质量浓度平均值为40.7μg/m3,没有超标。北京市PM2.5中的重金属元素含量及富集特征随着不同年份不同季节差别较大,典型的城市污染元素As在冬季质量浓度最高。对比环境空气质量标准的参考浓度限值发现,As元素的质量浓度在研究期间的年均值均超过了年平均浓度参考限值0.006μg/m3。化学分析结果显示人为污染是PM2.5中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、As重金属污染的主要来源,其中As污染需要引起足够重视。研究结果对于北京市大气污染防治具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Touhuanping Fault, an active wrench fault within fold-and-thrust belt in northwestern Taiwan, documented by spatial analysis of fluvial terraces

This study aims at the recent activity and development of an active wrench fault, the Touhuanping Fault in northwestern Taiwan. Northwestern Taiwan has been proposed in a current situation between the mature to waning collision in terms of tectonic evolution. The main drainage in this area, the Chungkang River, flows close to the trace of the fault mentioned above. We examined various types of deformation of fluvial terraces along the Chungkang River as a key to understanding the nature and rate of the late Quaternary tectonics. The E–W trending Touhuanping Fault has long been mapped as a geological boundary fault, but its recent activity was suspected. Field survey revealed that its late Quaternary activity is recorded in the offset fluvial terraces. Our result shows dextral slip and vertical offset with upthrown side on the south, and activated at least twice since the emergence of terrace 4 (older terrace 3 with OSL date of ca. 80 ka). Total amount of offset recorded in the Touhuanping terrace sequence is 15 m for dextral and 10 m for vertical offset. Estimated recurrence time of earthquake rupture may be a few tens of thousand years. Uplift on the upthrown side of the Touhuanping Fault also resulted in the formation of drowned valleys which were graded to terrace 4. Other deformation features, such as back-tilting, westward warping, and a range-facing straight scarp, were also identified. A second-order anticline roughly parallel to the Touhuanping Fault is suggested to be the origin of the northward tilting on terrace 3; it could have resulted from a flower structure on the Touhuanping Fault at shallow depth. This may demonstrate that the buried segment of the Touhuanping Fault has also been active since 80 ka. In the northern study area, the westward warping at terrace 2 probably represents late Quaternary activity of another NE–SW trending Hsincheng Fault.     

The many faces of local community: Exploring lay conceptualizations of the Norwegian lokalsamfunn

ABSTRACT

Despite much attention paid to the topic of community in academic literature and policy documents, there is a relative lack of knowledge about what laypersons perceive as a local community. Based on data from a national survey, the authors examine how c.1400 Norwegians conceptualized local community – lokalsamfunn in Norwegian. They reveal some of the linguistic and conceptual aspects of local community as a term, in addition to tendencies and patterns among the survey responses. The respondents’ conceptualizations contained references to lokalsamfunn variously as a geographical area, people and relations, activities and involvement, attachment to place and people, and provider of local goods and services. Their main emphasis was on lokalsamfunn as a spatial unit. However, the responses contained relatively few references to the relational aspects of lokalsamfunn. The authors conclude that a common, lay understanding may be that lokalsamfunn is a vaguely defined but limited geographical unit filled with people who to varying degrees know each other and interact. Concerning policymaking aimed at fostering communal well-being, the authors hold that any community-based programming requires intricate knowledge of the people who form the community, since without community interaction and a degree of social cohesion any envisioned programmes may not succeed.     

Extreme storm surge modelling in the North Sea

This study shows that storm surge model performance in the North Sea is mostly unaffected by the application of temporal variations of surface drag due to changes in sea state provided the choice of a suitable constant Charnock parameter in the sea-state-independent case. Including essential meteorological features on smaller scales and minimising interpolation errors by increasing forcing data resolution are shown to be more important for the improvement of model performance particularly at the high tail of the probability distribution. This is found in a modelling study using WAQUA/DCSMv5 by evaluating the influence of a realistic air-sea momentum transfer parameterization and comparing it to the influence of changes in the spatial and temporal resolution of the applied forcing fields in an effort to support the improvement of impact and climate analysis studies. Particular attention is given to the representation of extreme water levels over the past decades based on the example of the Netherlands. For this, WAQUA/DCSMv5 is forced with ERA-Interim reanalysis data. Model results are obtained from a set of different forcing fields, which either (i) include a wave-state-dependent Charnock parameter or (ii) apply a constant Charnock parameter (α _{C h} =?0.032) tuned for young sea states in the North Sea, but differ in their spatial and/or temporal resolution. Increasing forcing field resolution from roughly 79 to 12 km through dynamically downscaling can reduce the modelled low bias, depending on coastal station, by up to 0.25 m for the modelled extreme water levels with a 1-year return period and between 0.1 m and 0.5 m for extreme surge heights.     

地裂缝场地地铁隧道地震动力响应的振动台试验研究

以西安轨道交通3号线地铁隧道近距离通过地裂缝场地为工程背景,采用几何比1:30的大型振动台模型试验,研究不同地震波作用下通过地裂缝带上盘场地地铁隧道的地震动力响应。试验结果表明:地裂缝场地上盘加速度响应表现出明显的放大效应;浅埋地铁隧道对地震波在土层中的传播具有一定阻碍作用,而隧道两侧拱腰位置围岩土层加速度放大效应最强;隧道特征部位PGA放大系数拱腰最大,拱底次之,拱顶最小,其中靠近地裂缝侧拱腰的PGA放大系数大于远离一侧;地裂缝附近动土压力增量明显增加,而靠近隧道附近,动土压力增量明显降低;地震作用下隧道通过地裂缝场地上下盘出现差异沉降,地表出现多条与地裂缝近似平行和正交的裂缝;隧道环向受剪切作用在靠近地裂缝一侧的拱肩部位环向应变最大,而隧道轴向受挤压作用在左右拱腰处应变出现最大值。研究结果可为地裂缝场地地铁隧道结构抗震设计与防灾减灾提供重要科学参考与借鉴。      

Crop area mapping in West Africa using landscape stratification of MODIS time series and comparison with existing global land products

In Africa, food security early warning systems use satellite-derived data concerning crop conditions and agricultural production. Such systems can be improved if they are provided with a more reliable estimation of the cultivated area at national scale. This paper evaluates the potential of using time series from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MOD13Q1 (16-day composite of normalized difference vegetation index at 250 m resolution) to extract cultivated areas in the fragmented rural landscapes of Mali. To this end, we first stratified Southern Mali into 13 rural landscapes based on the spatio-temporal variability of NDVI and textural indices, using an object-oriented classification scheme.The accuracy of the resulting map (MODIS_crop) and how it compares with existing coarse-resolution global land products (GLC2000 Africa, GLOBCOVER, MODIS V05 and ECOCLIMAP-II), was then assessed against six crop/non-crop maps derived from SPOT 2.5 m resolution images used as references. For crop areal coverage, the MODIS_crop cultivated map was successful in assessing the overall cultivated area at five out of the six validation sites (less than 6% of the absolute difference), while in terms of crop spatial distribution, the producer accuracy was between 33.1% and 80.8%. This accuracy was linearly correlated with the mean patch size index calculated on the SPOT crop maps (r² = 0.8). Using the Pareto boundary as an accuracy assessment method at the study sites, we showed that (i) 20-40% of the classification crop error was due to the spatial resolution of the MODIS sensor (250 m), and that (ii) compared to MODIS V05, which otherwise performed better than the other existing products, MODIS_crop generally minimized omission-commission errors. A spatial validation of the different products was carried out using SPOT image classifications as reference. In the corresponding error matrices, the fraction of correctly classified pixels for our product was 70%, compared to 58% for MODIS V05, while it ranged between 40% and 51% for the GLC2000, the ECOCLIMAP-II and the GLOBCOVER.     

昌都地区怒江、澜沧江、金沙江流域地槽发展的若干问题

地裂缝是地表岩土体内产生线性破裂的一种地质灾害,其中构造型地裂缝形成和发展与活动断层的运动特征密切相关。现有构造型地裂缝的报道大多与断层蠕滑活动有关,而针对断层黏滑运动(地震)所形成的地裂缝通常统一划分为地震地表破裂带,主要注重对其分布特征的调查,而针对其中单条地裂缝破裂特征和成因机理研究较为少见。本文以巴塘断裂在黄草坪段所形成的地裂缝为研究对象,通过野外地质调查、无人机测绘、野外槽探、物探等手段,揭示了地裂缝的浅-中-深几何结构及其成因机理。巴塘断裂在黄草坪段形成一槽谷地貌,地裂缝在槽谷中表现为一条具有线性特征的地貌陡坎S₁,坎高为0.26±0.03 m。横跨槽谷的探槽揭露出陡坎下部及两侧密集发育有18条地裂缝,根据地裂缝贯通上覆地层的情况可大致划分出3个活动时期,可能代表巴塘断裂全新世以来的3次地震事件,部分地裂缝贯通至地表与S₁陡坎相连,这可能是1870年巴塘M 7$ {\\raise0.7ex\\hbox{1} \\!\\mathord{\\left/ {\\vphantom {1 2}}\\right.} \\!\\lower0.7ex\\hbox{2}}$地震所致。横跨槽谷的地震反射剖面中表现出槽谷边界受控于两条相向而倾的铲型断裂,两条断裂共同形成了“Y”字型拉张地堑结构,而在地堑内部表现出有近直立的反射层变形带,位置大致可与陡坎S₁对应。全新世以来,巴塘断裂在右旋走滑过程中,在局部近地表形成多级“Y”字型拉张地堑构造,而地堑内部地裂缝密集发育,且地裂缝形成及贯通上覆土层过程与巴塘断裂地震活动密切相关,因此该地裂缝形态受巴塘断裂几何结构控制,活动期次与巴塘断裂的强震活动相对应,具有典型地震地裂缝的特点。     

近10年来国内外破坏性地震对地震工程地质研究的几点启示

在地震工程地质方面,有许多觅待进一步深人研究的课题,包括断层地震地质效应及其评价方法研究、土一结构动力相互作用研究、岩体动力学基本理论的研究、斜坡地震稳定性分析、城市地震工程地质研究、信息技术在地震工程地质研究中的应用等.加大对这些问题的研究力度,对于保障我国人民生命财产今后不受或少受地震损失,具有重要的意义.     

A hybrid coordinate ocean model for shelf sea simulation

The general circulation in the North Sea and Skagerrak is simulated using the hybrid coordinate ocean model (HYCOM). Although HYCOM was originally developed for simulations of the open ocean, it has a design which should make it applicable also for coastal and shallow shelf seas. Thus, the objective of this study has been to examine the skills of the present version of HYCOM in a coastal shelf application, and to identify the areas where HYCOM needs to be further developed. To demonstrate the capability of the vertical coordinate in HYCOM, three experiments with different configurations of the vertical coordinate were carried out. In general, the results from these experiments compares quite well with in situ and satellite data, and the water masses and the general circulation in the North Sea and Skagerrak is reproduced in the simulations. Differences between the three experiments are small compared to other errors, which are related to a combined effect of model setup and properties of the vertical mixing scheme. Hence, it is difficult to quantify which vertical coordinate configuration works best for the coastal region. It is concluded that HYCOM can be used for simulations of coastal and shelf seas, and further suggestions for improving the model results are given. Since HYCOM also works well in open ocean and basin scale simulations, it may allow for a realistic modelling of the transition region between the open ocean and coastal shelf seas.