Risk assessment and ranking of heavy metals concentration in Iran’s Rayen groundwater basin using linear assignment method

Groundwater is an important source of freshwater for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses in Iran. Groundwater quality assessment and environmental evaluation are considered as critical issues in recent years. Intensive human activities have resulted in significant changes in environment leading to serious groundwater contamination. This research proposes a two-part systematic approach to tackle heavy metals contamination problem in Rayen Basin (southeast Iran). The first part consists of determining geochemical characteristics and evaluating groundwater quality through application of water quality index and heavy metal pollution indices (i.e. HPI and MI). The second part includes ranking sampling stations based on heavy metals concentration in groundwater using linear assignment method. Six types of water could be identified according to the dominant cations and anions in samples: Ca–HCO₃, Ca–SO₄, Na–Cl, Na–HCO₃, Na–SO₄ and mixed water type. Calculation of indices revealed that natural and anthropogenic activities are playing a vital role in degrading groundwater quality in the study area. The proposed methodology can help in groundwater resource management and preventative activities by identifying risk factors and recognizing their pollution level. The results of this research provide useful and effective information for water pollution control and management and can be used in environmental studies in order to protect groundwater resources in the future.     

雅鲁藏布江中游江心洲、河漫滩面积及其指示的沙源特征

雅鲁藏布江流域中游(贡嘎县至乃东区)江心洲和河漫滩等河流地貌发育,同时也发育了不同类型的风沙地貌,是雅鲁藏布江流域风沙灾害最为严重的地区.冬春季大范围裸露的江心洲和河漫滩,为沙尘暴的发生提供沙源,也可能是北岸沙丘的物源.目前对江心洲和河漫滩面积动态变化过程及其与沙源之间的关系几乎没有研究.为此,本文通过对2019年11...     

西藏羊八井地区太阳短波辐照度特征及其短期预测模型对比分析

本研究利用西藏羊八井太阳短波辐照度观测数据分析了该地区2020—2021年的辐射时间序列分布特征,基于时间序列分析、随机森林（Random Forest,RF）和Prophet进行建模预测,通过对比研究探究三种模型在该地区的适用性以及提高模型预测精度的方法.结果表明：该地区短波太阳辐照度呈"双峰"倒"U"型分布的月变化和"单峰"倒"U"型分布的日变化特征.RF在选用模型中最优,其标准化均方根误差（Normalized Root Mean Square Error,NRMSE）、决定系数R2分别为17.54%和0.962.小波变换去噪能提高各模型预测精度,NRMSE降低4.82%~12.94%.组合模型能提高预测精度,误差倒数权重组合模型的NRMSE较差分自回归滑动平均模型（Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average,ARIMA）和Prophet分别下降35.22%、25.12%.预测时间步长差异也会影响预测效果,模型的预测误差随时间步长逐渐增大而减小.因此,可利用RF等机器学习模型在西藏地区进行太阳辐照度短期预测,通过小波变换、组合模型、预测时间步长等环节提高预测精度,以满足当地光伏发电对太阳辐照度的预测需求.     

Comprehensive study of the biophysical parameters of agricultural crops based on assessing Landsat 8 OLI and Landsat 7 ETM+ vegetation indices

For three agricultural crop types, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and canola (Brassica napus L.), we estimated biophysical parameters including fresh and dry biomass, leaf area index (LAI), and vegetation water content, for which we found the equivalent water thickness (EWT), fuel moisture content per fresh weight (FMC_FW), and fuel moisture content per dry weight (FMC_DW). We performed these estimations using data from the newly launched Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) sensor, as well as its predecessor the Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+). Progress in the design of the new sensor (i.e., Landsat 8), including narrower near-infrared (NIR) wavebands, higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and greater radiometric resolution highlights the necessity to investigate the biophysical parameters of agricultural crops, especially compared to data from its predecessor. This study aims to evaluate vegetation indices (VIs) derived from the Landsat 8 OLI and the Landsat 7 ETM+. Both the Landsat 8 OLI and Landsat 7 ETM+ VIs agreed well with in-situ data measurements. However, the Landsat 8 OLI-derived VIs were generally more consistent with in situ data than the Landsat 7 ETM+ VIs. We also note that the Landsat 8 OLI is better able to capture the small variability of the VIs because of its higher SNR and wider radiometric range; in addition, the saturation phenomenon occurred earlier for the Landsat 7 ETM+ than for the Landsat 8 OLI. This indicates that the new sensor is better able to estimate the biophysical parameters of crops.     

Seismic demand evaluation of medium ductility RC moment frames using nonlinear procedures

Performance-based earthquake engineering is a recent focus of research that has resulted in widely developed design methodologies due to its ability to realistically simulate structural response characteristics.Precise prediction of seismic demands is a key component of performance-based design methodologies.This paper presents a seismic demand evaluation of reinforced concrete moment frames with medium ductility.The accuracy of utilizing simplified nonlinear static analysis is assessed by comparison against the results of time history analysis on a number of frames.Displacement profiles,drift demand and maximum plastic rotation were computed to assess seismic demands.Estimated seismic demands were compared to acceptance criteria in FEMA 356.The results indicate that these frames have sufficient capacity to resist interstory drifts that are greater than the limit value.     

A Study of Permeability Changes Due to Cold Fluid Circulation in Fractured Geothermal Reservoirs

Reservoir behavior due to injection and circulation of cold fluid is studied with a shear displacement model based on the distributed dislocation technique, in a poro‐thermoelastic environment. The approach is applied to a selected volume of Soultz geothermal reservoir at a depth range of 3600 to 3700 m. Permeability enhancement and geothermal potential of Soultz geothermal reservoir are assessed over a stimulation period of 3 months and a fluid circulation period of 14 years. This study—by shedding light onto another source of uncertainty—points toward a special role for the fracture surface asperities in predicting the shear dilation of fractures. It was also observed that thermal stress has a significant impact on changing the reservoir stress field. The effect of thermal stresses on reservoir behavior is more evident over longer circulation term as the rock matrix temperature is significantly lowered. Change in the fracture permeability due to the thermal stresses can also lead to the short circuiting between the injection and production wells which in turn decreases the produced fluid temperature significantly. The effect of thermal stress persists during the whole circulation period as it has significant impact on the continuous increase in the flow rate due to improved permeability over the circulation period. In the current study, taking into account the thermal stress resulted in a decrease of about 7 °C in predicted produced fluid temperature after 14 years of cold fluid circulation; a difference which notably influences the potential prediction of an enhanced geothermal system.     

Application of 3D Numerical Model and Intelligent Systems in Discharge Coefficient Estimation of Combined Weir-Gate

Water Resources - Combined weir-gate structure is one of the important structures which are control the water level, measure discharge and avoid sediment deposition behind the weir. In this study,...     

西藏阿里北部羌塘地块内部的第四纪活动断层及其变形机制

藏北高原非常薄弱的活动断层调查研究程度和不完整的历史地震资料等,限制了对高原内部活动构造变形特征、机制以及孕震构造环境等的深入认识。通过综合地质、遥感和地震等资料对阿里北部羌塘地块内部进行详细的活动断层解译,结合沿阿鲁错地堑系南段昆楚克错地堑西侧边界正断层新发现的晚第四纪断裂活动证据和最新同震地表破裂等,对该区的活动断层几何图像及运动学特征等进行了深入分析。研究结果表明,阿里北部的西羌塘块体内部在第四纪以发育近南北向正断层系统和由北西向与北东向走滑断层构成的共轭走滑断层系统为特征,第四纪和晚第四纪活动断层都呈现出了高密度、弥散分布的特点,并可归纳为3类基本的活动构造变形样式：共轭走滑断层及其伴生正断层作用、弥散式正断层作用和剪切裂谷式正断层作用,其中大部分正断层与走滑断层主要是作为相对独立的构造类型来共同调节区域内近东西向伸展变形的,这些特征指示藏北高原内部变形更符合“连续变形模式”而非“刚性块体挤出模式”。同时发现,沿昆楚克错地堑西缘主边界正断层发育的最新地表破裂总长度仅约400 m,最大垂直位移约0.8 m,推测可能是1955年革吉县纳屋错东M_W6.5强震事件...