Analysis of landslide damage caused by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake using strong motion data: A case study in the Beichuan county town

The county town of Beichuan county, China, experienced catastrophic destruction due to landslides induce by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. In consideration of the special location of the county town, this paper selected the landslides induced in the town as representative of large-scale near-rupture landslides, and quantitatively analyzed why the landslide damage was so destructive in the town by using strong motion data obtained from the Wenchuan earthquake in the Longmenshan area. Three methods were employed to estimate the landslide damage using strong motion data. (1) Peak ground accelerations (PGAs) on the hanging wall were used to evaluate the PGAs on the landslide sites in the town. The evaluated average PGAs were all greater than 1 g, indicating that the ground motion intensity was very strong during the earthquake. (2) Acceleration time histories, from another station with similar geological conditions to the town, were used to evaluate the critical acceleration changing range, and the estimated values showed the geological conditions were very susceptible to earthquakes. (3) Acceleration time histories, from two stations on the hanging and foot walls of the rupture, and near the town, were used to calculate the Newmark displacements, and all the evaluated displacements indicated that landslides were very likely. The results show that the slopes, susceptible to earthquakes in the Beichuan county town, were easily triggered under such strong ground-motion intensity and developed into large-scale catastrophic events.     

Experimental and numerical study on hysteretic performance of SMA spring-friction bearings

This paper presents an experimental and numerical study to investigate the hysteretic performance of a new type of isolator consisting of shape memory alloy springs and friction bearing called an SMA spring-friction bearing (SFB). The SFB is a sliding-type isolator with SMA devices used for the seismic protection of engineering structures. The principle of operation of the isolation bearing is introduced. In order to explore the possibility of applying SMA elements in passive seismic control devices, large diameter superelastic tension/compression NiTi SMA helical springs used in the SFB isolator were developed. Mechanical experiments of the SMA helical spring were carried out to understand its superelastic characteristics. After that, a series of quasi-static tests on a single SFB isolator prototype were conducted to measure its force-displacement relationships for different loading conditions and study the corresponding variation law of its mechanical performance. The experimental results demonstrate that the SFB exhibits full hysteretic curves, excellent energy dissipation capacity, and moderate recentering ability. Finally, a theoretical model capable of emulating the hysteretic behavior of the SMA-based isolator was then established and implemented in MATLAB software. The comparison of the numerical results with the experimental results shows the efficacy of the proposed model for simulating the response of the SFB.     

大兴安岭南端红山子盆地流纹岩的成因:元素和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素制约

红山子晚侏罗世早期火山盆地位于西拉木伦河-长春缝合带以南、康宝-围场-赤峰-开原断裂带以北的辽源地块,其中赋存铀钼矿床的流纹岩为肉红色流纹岩和灰白色流纹岩。为了查明流纹岩的物质来源和形成的构造背景,本文分析了流纹岩的主量元素、微量元素、稀土元素和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成。分析结果显示：流纹岩具有高SiO₂、K₂O和Fe₂O₃/FeO值,低Al₂O₃、CaO和MgO的特征,肉红色流纹岩比灰白色流纹岩的SiO₂含量略低、（K₂O+Na₂O）含量高和Fe₂O₃/FeO值略高;肉红色流纹岩和灰白色流纹岩均有较高的稀土含量,明显富集轻稀土,显著亏损铕;高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Ce、Y、Ga和大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U的含量较高,但大离子亲石元素Ba、Sr的含量低且变化较大,具有A₁型流纹岩、低Sr-Ba流纹岩和板内拉张构造流纹岩的微量元素特征;具有较小的（⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr）_i、较高的ε_Nd（t）、较年轻的T_DM2和较低的（²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb）_i、（²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb）_i、（²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb）_i,指示流纹岩是源于EMⅠ富集地幔的中元古代年轻下地壳部分熔融的产物,并在岩浆过程中经历了结晶分异。肉红色流纹岩和灰白色流纹岩的差异可能与年轻下地壳物质的成分差异有关。     

新疆典型地区大气降尘磁学特征及其环境意义

应用环境磁学方法对北疆昌吉地区和南疆阿克苏地区大气降尘的磁学特征进行对比研究。结果表明：2012年春夏季昌吉地区大气降尘样品磁性矿物以磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿为主,阿克苏地区样品除受到磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿主要控制外,还含有更多赤铁矿等高矫顽力磁性矿物。两地降尘样品都以假单畴颗粒PSD和多畴颗粒MD为主。昌吉地区大气降尘样品的磁性矿物含量明显高于阿克苏地区。阿克苏地区大气降尘样品以天然降尘为主,强磁性矿物含量较低;昌吉地区降尘样品人为源输入强度高,磁学信号强。大气降尘的磁学特征包含大量环境信息,可以作为粉尘环境监测的重要手段。严格控制工业污染物排放,合理规划工业布局,依旧是治理城市大气污染的重要措施。     

鄂东南地区程潮大型矽卡岩型铁矿区岩体成因探讨

湖北程潮铁矿是鄂东南矿集区内最大的矽卡岩型铁矿床。为了系统研究矿区内不同侵入体的成因,对程潮矿区内不同时代的侵入体进行了矿物学、地球化学和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素研究。矿区内花岗岩、石英二长斑岩、闪长岩中的黑云母成分特征暗示它们均为壳幔物质混合成因的镁质黑云母;与成矿相关的花岗岩、石英二长斑岩中原生黑云母矿物学成分显示出原始岩浆具有高氧逸度的特征,高氧逸度为磁铁矿的形成提供了有利条件。岩石地球化学特征研究表明,不同类型的岩石都具有富钾和准铝质的特征,富集Rb、Ba、K等大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素。矿区岩石的(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i值为0.705 0~0.709 1,ε_Nd(t)值为-14.16~-6.95,²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb值为17.636~18.919,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb值为15.451~15.613,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb值为37.833~39.556。矿物学、地球化学、Sr-Nd-Pb同位素特征暗示矿区岩体为富集地幔发生部分熔融并同化混染了不同比例下地壳物质的产物,早期闪长岩（（140±1） Ma）比晚期花岗岩和石英二长斑岩（（128±1） Ma）的源区有更多的地幔成分,花岗岩和石英二长斑岩与闪长岩具有相近的锆石饱和温度（平均值分别为783、788、765℃）。     

闽中裂谷带梅仙铅锌矿区花岗斑岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄、成因及成矿效应

福建梅仙铅锌(银)矿床位于闽中裂谷带,是一大型多金属VMS型块状硫化物矿床。在详细野外地质考察基础上,通过对梅仙铅锌(银)矿区花岗斑岩2个样品的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究,确定其为燕山期花岗斑岩（（148.9±1.4）Ma,（152.0±2.1） Ma）。全岩地球化学分析结果表明：所研究花岗斑岩具有高硅、富钾、中等含量的铝和全碱以及弱过铝质等特征。其稀土元素配分曲线普遍向右缓倾,且重稀土元素分配曲线比较平坦,富集大离子亲石元素和高强场元素,不具明显的Nb、Ta亏损,是产于碰撞后构造背景之下的高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩,其母岩浆形成后发生了角闪石、黑云母和斜长石等矿物高程度的结晶分异作用。梅仙矿区花岗斑岩在空间上与铅锌硫化物矿体和赋矿层位关系密切,岩浆富含挥发分和大离子亲石元素,分异程度高,表明该燕山中期岩浆活动有利于矿区矽卡岩化成矿作用,并可对早期层控块状硫化物矿体进行强烈的叠加改造。     

乌鲁木齐大气降尘磁学特征及其环境意义

应用环境磁学方法研究了2012年乌鲁木齐大气降尘磁学特征,并与该地区2006年大气降尘样品磁学特征进行对比,探讨乌鲁木齐城市化进程中的大气降尘磁学特征变化规律。结果表明：乌鲁木齐大气降尘样品磁性矿物以粗颗粒的PSD和MD磁铁矿为主导,同时含有少量的不完全反铁磁性矿物如赤铁矿。与2006年相比,2012年降尘样品的颗粒较粗,且在取暖期内亚铁磁性矿物含量较少。乌鲁木齐冬季取暖整治措施成效显著,但非采暖期大气整体质量相对2006年有所下降,影响乌鲁木齐城市大气质量的主要因素已经由冬季供暖向城市化的加快和工业的发展这两个因素转移。     

Initial abstraction and curve numbers for semiarid watersheds in Southeastern Arizona

The Soil Conservation Service (SCS) curve number (CN) estimates of direct runoff from rainfall for semiarid catchments can be inaccurate. Investigation of the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW) (Southeastern Arizona) and its ten nested catchments determined that the inaccuracy is due to the original SCS ratio (λ) of 0.2 between initial abstraction and maximum potential retention. Sensitivity analyses indicate that runoff estimation can be very sensitive to the initial abstraction ratio, especially for relatively low rainfall amount and for watersheds covered by deep, coarse, and porous soil, conditions that dominate many semiarid watersheds worldwide. Changing the ratio of initial abstraction to the maximum potential retention to optimal values ranging from 0.01 to 0.53 for different Walnut Gulch catchments improved runoff estimates. The greater the channel area and the finer the soil, the smaller the initial abstraction ratio is. The variation of the initial abstraction ratio for the WGEW is due to the variation of maximum potential retention and initial abstraction, which are channel area and soil‐dependent parameters. The greater the channel area, the higher the maximum potential retention S is, and the coarser the soil, the larger the initial abstraction I_a is. In addition, the effect of initial abstraction ratio on runoff estimation increases with decreasing CN. Thus, impacts of initial abstraction ratio on runoff estimation should be considered, especially for semiarid watersheds where the CN is usually low. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

2014年2月12日新疆于田MS7.3地震前地震活动特征分析

This paper introduces the geological structure background around the 2014 Yutian Ms7. 3 earthquake area, investigates and analyzes the regime of small earthquake activity and the characteristics of regional seismicity pattern in Xinjiang before the earthquake, and compares the characteristics of the regional seismic activity with the 2008 Yutian Ms7.3 earthquake. The results show： ① 2 ~ 3 years before the 2014 Yutian Ms7. 3 earthquake, Xinjiang was in a seismic active state with strong earthquake occurring successively, and before the 2008 Ms 7. 3 earthquake, Xinjiang was in the quiet state of moderate-small earthquakes with M3. 0 ~ 4. 0. ② Before this Yutian Ms7. 3 earthquake, the regional seismic activity showed a short-term anomaly feature, that is, seismicity of M ≥ 5. 0 earthquakes significantly increased on the Altun seismic zone and in the source area three years before the Ms7.3 earthquake, while a five year long quiescence of seismicity of M ≥4. 0 earthquakes appeared on the east of the source area in a range of about 440kin. Six months before this M7. 3 earthquake, there existed seismic gap of M3. 0 ~ 4. 0 earthquakes and near-conjugate seismic belt magnitude 3. 0 and 4. 0 in the source area. ③ The state of strong earthquake activity and the seismicity pattern of small earthquakes before this Yutian Ms7. 3 earthquake were significantly different to that before the 2008 Yutian Ms7. 3 earthquake, and this may be related to the different seismogenic environments of the two Ms7. 3 earthquakes.     

新疆4次中强地震前小震震源机制变化特征

采用点源位错模型、层状介质速度结构,利用地震波垂直向记录的直达 、 波最大振幅,计算小地震震源机制。通过系统聚类,利用矢量合成方法,计算得到各类解的平均震源机制解。采用上述方法,针对2003年以来新疆北天山西段和中天山地区4次中强地震前,震源区周围中小地震震源断错性质和P轴方位的变化进行分析。结果显示,中强地震前2～3年中小地震震源机制解类型随机分布,震前1年表现出明显的优势分布特点,主压应力P轴方位发生较明显的偏转变化。