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71.
72.
Karl F. Nordstrom JeanMarie Hartman Amy L. Freestone Mark Wong Nancy L. Jackson 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2007,50(11-12):945-959
Data gathered on a foredune on a nourished beach reveal the relationships between topography and plant communities at gaps in the dune crest. Sand inundation at gaps allows plants in some portions of the dune to rejuvenate to earlier successional stages, while an increase in richness occurs in other portions. Ammophila breviligulata can create an initial dune ridge, colonize new areas of bare sand within the dune field, facilitate growth of other species, and provide a natural alternative to fencing in managing gaps. Foredune mobility can be considered a positive factor if beach width and dune volume provide adequate protection. 相似文献
73.
The Mediterranean Ridge is an arcuate ridge of deformed sediment caught up in the convergent plate margin between the African plate and the Aegean. An intensive campaign of SeaMARC I and SeaBeam surveys followed by piston coring has been conducted along the contact between undeformed turbidites of the Sirte Abyssal Plain and folded and faulted sediments of the Mediterranean Ridge. Along the outer edge of the Ridge, surficial sediments have been deformed into sinusoidal ridges and troughs (wavelengths 0.5–2 km, amplitude 20–150 m), which we interpret as folds. In plan view, the ridge and the trough fabric parallels the NW-SE trending regional contours, suggesting that the folds formed in response to compression orthogonal to the Mediterranean Ridge. The outermost ridge is shedding a debris apron out onto the abyssal plain, implying that uplift and deformation are ongoing. We show that the geometry of the outermost folds can be produced by elastic bending of a packet of 5–10 relatively strong layers, each 10–20 m thick, interbedded between weaker layers; we equate the strong layers with gypsum beds in the Messinian upper evaporites. Folding the seafloor from a flat layer into the observed ridge and trough topography would shorten the layer by less than 2%. Two percent shortening (equals two percent thickening) is insufficient to create the observed relief of the Mediterranean Ridge even if the entire sediment column down to basement were involved; we infer that additional shortening/thickening is accommodated by thrust faulting above a decollement at the top of the Messinian salt layer. At distances > 15 km from the deformation front and more than 500 m from the abyssal plain, sharp-edged, fine-grained side-scan lineations with very little vertical relief cut across the kilometer-scale ridge and trough topography. These fine-grained lineations fall in two groups trending N/S to NNE/SSW and ~ENE. We interpret these lineaments as traces of conjugate strike-slip faults formed in the same compressional regime which formed the NW/SE trending folds. The onset of strike-slip faulting may coincide with the cessation of imbricate thrust fan development above the initial salt-controlled decollement surface. The following characteristics of the Mediterranean Ridge are attributed to the presence of evaporites in the incoming sedimentary section: (1) initial deformation by folding rather than thrust faulting; (2) narrow taper; (3) rapid rate of outward growth; (4) karstification. 相似文献
74.
Amber J. Soja Nadezda M. Tchebakova Nancy H.F. French Michael D. Flannigan Herman H. Shugart Brian J. Stocks Anatoly I. Sukhinin E.I. Parfenova F. Stuart Chapin III Paul W. Stackhouse Jr. 《Global and Planetary Change》2007,56(3-4):274
For about three decades, there have been many predictions of the potential ecological response in boreal regions to the currently warmer conditions. In essence, a widespread, naturally occurring experiment has been conducted over time. In this paper, we describe previously modeled predictions of ecological change in boreal Alaska, Canada and Russia, and then we investigate potential evidence of current climate-induced change. For instance, ecological models have suggested that warming will induce the northern and upslope migration of the treeline and an alteration in the current mosaic structure of boreal forests. We present evidence of the migration of keystone ecosystems in the upland and lowland treeline of mountainous regions across southern Siberia. Ecological models have also predicted a moisture-stress-related dieback in white spruce trees in Alaska, and current investigations show that as temperatures increase, white spruce tree growth is declining. Additionally, it was suggested that increases in infestation and wildfire disturbance would be catalysts that precipitate the alteration of the current mosaic forest composition. In Siberia, 7 of the last 9 yr have resulted in extreme fire seasons, and extreme fire years have also been more frequent in both Alaska and Canada. In addition, Alaska has experienced extreme and geographically expansive multi-year outbreaks of the spruce beetle, which had been previously limited by the cold, moist environment. We suggest that there is substantial evidence throughout the circumboreal region to conclude that the biosphere within the boreal terrestrial environment has already responded to the transient effects of climate change. Additionally, temperature increases and warming-induced change are progressing faster than had been predicted in some regions, suggesting a potential non-linear rapid response to changes in climate, as opposed to the predicted slow linear response to climate change. 相似文献
75.
Kastelein RA van der Heul S van der Veen J Verboom WC Jennings N de Haan D Reijnders PJ 《Marine environmental research》2007,64(2):160-180
World-wide many cetaceans drown incidentally in fishing nets. To reduce the unwanted bycatch in gillnets, pingers (acoustic alarms) have been developed that are attached to the nets. In the European Union, pingers will be made compulsory in some areas in 2005 and in others in 2007. However, pingers may effect non-target marine fauna such as fish. Therefore in this study, the effects of seven commercially-available pingers on the behaviour of five North Sea fish species in a large tank were quantified. The species tested were: sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), pout (Trisopterus luscus), thicklip mullet (Chelon labrosus), herring (Clupea harengus), and cod (Gadus morhua). The fish were housed as single-species schools of 9-13 individuals in a tank. The behaviour of fish in quiet periods was compared with their behaviour during periods with active pingers. The results varied both between pingers and between fish species. Sea bass decreased their speed in response to one pinger and swam closer to the surface in response to another. Thicklip mullet swam closer to the bottom in response to two pingers and increased their swimming speed in response to one pinger. Herring swam faster in response to one pinger, and pout and cod (close relatives) showed no behavioural responses to any of the pingers. Of the seven pingers tested, four elicited responses in at least one fish species, and three elicited no responses. Whether similar responses would be elicited in these fish species in the wild, and if so, whether such responses would influence the catch rate of fisheries, cannot be derived from the results of this study. However, the results indicate the need for field studies with pingers and fish. Based on the small number of fish species tested, the present study suggests that the higher the frequency of a pinger, the less likely it is to affect the behaviour of marine fish. 相似文献
76.
Bruce P. Finney Nancy H. Bigelow Valerie A. Barber Mary E. Edwards 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2012,47(1):43-54
We compared cladoceran assemblages in modern and pre-industrial sediments from cores taken in 48 softwater lakes located in
four main regions of Nova Scotia (Canada) to evaluate the impacts of acidification and other recent environmental stressors.
Lakes in Kejimkujik National Park showed significant increases in Holopedium relative abundances and significant decreases in Alona and other chydorids since pre-industrial times, which appear to be related to declines in pH and calcium (Ca) concentrations
caused by acidic deposition. Lakes in Bridgewater also showed a significant decrease in Alona, as well as a significant increase in macrothricid (Acantholeberis and Ophryoxus) taxa that cannot be explained by declines in pH, although declines in [Ca] have been recorded. Lakes in Yarmouth did not
show any significant regional changes in major cladoceran species groups. Still, pre-industrial assemblages in these lakes
significantly differed from modern assemblages, with assemblage changes being lake-specific and likely related to interactions
between local and regional stressors acting on individual lakes. Finally, lakes in Cape Breton Highlands National Park, located
on the taiga plateau, have received historically lower levels of sulphate deposition relative to other regions in the province,
and recorded a significant decrease in Alona similar to Bridgewater lakes. The province-wide decrease in Alona across different acid deposition rates suggests that limnological changes related to climate warming may be responsible.
Overall, this study shows that acidification history is an important predictor of cladoceran assemblage changes since pre-industrial
times in Nova Scotia lakes, although multiple stressors result in complex Cladocera responses in some regions. 相似文献
77.
78.
Steam samples from six wells (Colombaia, Pineta, Larderello 57, Larderello 155, Gabbro 6, and Gabbro 1) in a south to north section across the Larderello geothermal field have been analyzed for inorganic and hydrocarbon gases and for oxygen-18 and deuterium of steam. The wells generally decrease in depth and increase in age toward the south. The steam samples are generally characterized by
- Total gas contents increasing south to north from 0.003 to 0.05 mole fraction;
- Constant CO2 (95±2 percent); near constant H2S (1.6±0.8), N2 (1.2±0.8), H2 (2±1), CH4 (1.2±1), and no O2 in the dry gas;
- Presence of numerous, straight chain and branched C2 to C6 hydrocarbons plus benzene in amounts independent of CH4 contents with highest concentrations in the deeper wells;
- Oxygen-18 contents of steam increasing south to north from ?5.0‰ to ?0.4‰ with little change in deuterium (?42±2‰).
- Decreasing gas contents with amount of production because the proportion of steam boiled from liquid water increases with production;
- Synthesis of CH4 from H2 and CO2 with CO2 and H2 produced by thermal metamorphism and rock-water reactions;
- Extraction of C2 to C6 hydrocarbons from rock organic matter;
- Either oxygen isotope exchange followed by distillation of steam from the north toward the south (2 plates at ~220°C) or mixture of deeper more-exchange waters from the north with shallow, less-exchanged recharging waters from the south.
79.
In the past two years, the National Geodetic Survey has been creating a data base of vertical crustal movement information. The data elements are relative elevation changes along lines of releveling which are used to produce graphic displays on microfilm. In separate studies, the releveling data, together with information extracted from mareograph records, have been used to create two networks of velocity differences. The two networks, one in the vicinity of Chesapeake Bay and the other covering the Gulf Coast states, have been adjusted in order to prepare maps showing the velocities of elevation change. In the adjustments, the velocities derived from mareograph records were treated as observations. The results indicate annual subsidence ranging between −1.2 mm and −4.0 mm in the Chesapeake Bay area, with significant local variation. In the Gulf Coast region there is generally slight subsi'dence along the coast, ranging between 0.0 and −1.5 mm/year. Stability and slight uplift is indicated to the north where bedrock reaches the terrain surface. Anomalous subsidence of −7.0 mm/year occurs at New Orleans, La., and at Houston, Texas, there has been several decimeters change in the last ten years. 相似文献
80.
This paper describes a chemical model that calculates solute and solvent activities and solid-liquid equilibria in the H-Na-K-OH-Cl-HSO4-SO4-H2O system from dilute to high solution concentration within the 0° to 250°C temperature range. All binary and ternary subsystems are included in the model parameterization. The model is validated by comparing predictions with experimental data, primarily in higher order systems, not used in the parameterization process. Limitations of the model due to data insufficiencies are discussed.The Harvie and Weare (GCA44, 981, 1980) solubility modeling approach, incorporating their implementation of the concentration-dependent specific interaction equations of Pitzer (J. Phys. Chem.77, 268, 1973), is employed. This model expands the variable temperature Na-K-Cl-SO4-H2O model of Greenberg and Moller (GCA53, 2503, 1989) by including acid (H2SO4, HCl) and base (NaOH, KOH) species. Temperature functions for the chemical potentials of 5 acidic (sodium bisulfate, sodium sesquisulfate, mercallite, potassium sesquisulfate and misenite) and 6 basic (4 sodium hydroxide hydrates and 2 potassium hydroxide hydrates) solid phases are determined. 相似文献