Numerical Simulation of Macro- and Micro-structures of Intense Convective Clouds with a Spectral Bin Microphysics Model

By use of a three-dimensional compressible non-hydrostatic convective cloud model with detailed microphysics featuring spectral bins of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), liquid droplets, ice crystals, snow and graupel particles, the spatial and temporal distributions of hydrometeors in a supercell observed by the (Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study) STEPS triple-radar network are simulated and analyzed. The bin model is also employed to study the effect of CCN concentration on the evolution characteristics of the supercell. It is found that the CCN concentration not only affects the concentration and spectral distribution of water droplets, but also influences the characteristics of ice crystals and graupel particles. With a larger number of CCN, more water droplets and ice crystals are produced and the growth of graupel is restrained. With a small quantity of CCN the production of large size water droplets are promoted by initially small concentrations of water droplets and ice crystals, leading to earlier formation of small size graupel and restraining the recycling growth of graupel, and thus inhibiting the formation of large size graupel (or small size hail). It can be concluded that both the macroscopic airflow and microphysical processes influence the formation and growth of large size graupel (or small size hail). In regions with heavy pollution, a high concentration of CCN may restrain the formation of graupel and hail, and in extremely clean regions, excessively low concentrations of CCN may also limit the formation of large size graupel (hail).     

长江中上游冬季山地雾边界层特征及生消过程分析

利用2010年12月在湖北宣恩观测山地雾获得的边界层廓线、雾滴谱、能见度资料,分析了该地雾过程的边界层特征及其生消过程。结果表明:1)宣恩山地雾主要由夜间辐射冷却引起,且能见度多在200 m以上;垂直发展深厚,成熟时厚度达到400~600 m。2)夜间风场主要由山风环流控制,风向多为东南风;入夜及雾生前期,地面风速不超过0.5 m/s,雾消前增大至2.0 m/s左右。3)雾生前观测到"C"字型温度层结,中下层气温降温率在0.3~1.0℃/(100 m)之间;结合该时段近地层露点温度逆温,离地200 m左右率先饱和成云;雾消时低空相对湿度依然保持较大值,重新变为空中雾层。4)雾前1~2 h地面及植被表明温度显著上升,个别升温率达1℃/h,对应时段地面相对湿度达到饱和,与其他地区有明显区别,对预报宣恩山地雾有积极意义。     

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THUNDERSTORM FREQUENCY VARIATION AND THEIR POSSIBLE RELATION WITH THE ADJUSTMENT OF CROP DISTRIBUTION IN THE LEIZHOU PENINSULA

In order to research possible influences of the adjustment of plant distribution on the development frequency of thunderstorms over the Leizhou Peninsula, mathematic statistic methods, including correlation analyses, 11 kinds of fitting models and all-variable regression methods, were used for analyses and research. The results show that the average trend of the number of annual thunderstorm days is descending obviously, and there are thunderstorms in all seasons, in which warm post-midday thunderstorms have taken up the most part, and high frequency is found from May to September, and the starting and ending dates of thunderstorms have a great annual discrepancy. The vegetation structure has been improved along with the reduction of rice fields and the area increment of sugarcane and fruits planting, which results in the decrease of the number of thunderstorm days; the change in the characteristics of winter spare fields, which is caused by the planting of vegetables, limits the formation of thunderstorms in early winter and late spring. Meanwhile, the area adjustment of peanut planting has little influence on the variation of thunderstorm days. The adjustment of principal crop distribution, such as rice, sugarcane, fruits and vegetables, may have obvious influence on the formation of thunderstorms, and sugarcane has the largest effect, followed in turn by rice, vegetables and fruits, and the adjustment of crop distribution has little influence on the starting and ending dates of thunderstorms.     

吉林省一次层状云降水宏微观特征的观测研究

利用长春2004年7月5日一次降水过程的飞机观测资料,结合天气图、卫星云图及雷达回波等资料,综合分析了本次热带气旋影响下降水过程中云系的宏微观特征.研究表明,降水性层状云微观垂直结构配置可以分为4个发展层:云顶附近是核化和凝华增长区;-4～-7 ℃为云滴和冰粒子活跃增长层;0～-4 ℃为固态粒子聚合及云滴蒸发层;0 ℃层以下是雨滴碰并增长和云滴凝结增长区.2D-P观测的粒子的平均直径、最大直径、峰值直径的峰值集中在融化层附近,与融化层回波亮带对应.用同一种形式的密度分布函数N(r)=mrfexp(-ar br2-cr3)来拟合暖层小云滴、大云滴和雨滴的谱分布,拟合结果与观测的谱分布吻合较好,拟合出的平均直径、均方根直径、数浓度以及含水量与观测值也较接近,相对误差小.     

基于太湖地区MFRSR遥感大气气溶胶光学特性和大气污染状况

利用2008年5月16日至2009年4月17日太湖地区多光谱旋转遮光辐射仪（multi—filter ro—tating shadow—band radiometer,简称MFRSR）的观测资料进行反演,得出415、500、615、675和870nm5个波段大气气溶胶光学厚度（aerosol optical depth,简称AOD）及各季节浑浊度系数和波长指数的统计结果。结果表明,5个波段AOD的最大值分别为1．9、1．6、1．3、1．2和1．0;它们谱分布的半宽度分别为0．90、0．70、0．55、0．45和0．25;AOD频率分布极大值处所对应的AOD值分别为0．750、0．550、0．475、0．425和0．425。5个波段AOD的平均值在春季最大,夏季次之,除870nm外,均为冬季最小。浑浊度系数变化范围为0～1．25,其中大于0．2的占97％以上,大于0．4的占66％以上。春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的波长指数变化范围分别为0～3．0、0～2．8、0．2～2．0和0．2～2．0,表明太湖地区大气污染较为严重,且受人为源的影响显著。相对于秋冬季,春夏季有较大粒径的气溶胶粒子存在。     

鹤壁市地质灾害预报预警系统

分析了鹤壁市地质灾害时空分布特征及造成地质灾害的天气条件，采用5日滚动累加法，判定地质灾害降水类型，提出当日强降水型和前期强降水型与鹤壁市地质灾害的关系；集本地人工神经网络降水量预报和上级指导产品做诱发地质灾害的短期降水预报，并利用卫星云图、雷达、闪电定位仪等探测手段建立鹤壁市地质灾害预报预警系统。     

地形对2011年9月华西致灾暴雨强迫作用的数值模拟研究

运用GRAPES_Meso模式对2011年9月16-18日发生在陕西、四川的连续特大致洪暴雨过程进行数值模拟.通过对比3套敏感性试验结果,揭示了气流与地形相互作用对本次致灾暴雨的影响,结果如下:(1)16-18日在台风和蒙古高压共同影响下,850 hPa在黄、渤海形成偏东水汽通道,使大量水汽经华北平原输送至华西地区,气流被秦岭分割为南北两支,北支在秦岭北侧受到迎风坡阻挡,形成强迫抬升和水汽辐合中心;南支暖湿气流从东部灌入汉中平原,受到“喇叭口”地形挤压而辐合上升.(2)平原与高大山脉的交错相间地形导致条带状正负垂直运动带产生,在垂直方向上形成强烈的抽吸作用,加之该地区16-18日丰沛的水汽交汇,从而引发大范围强降水.(3)海拔高度与地表起伏度均对降雨有较大影响,在同样海拔情况下,地表起伏度越大,就越容易产生暴雨.     

郯庐断裂带早白垩世走滑运动中的构造、岩浆、沉积事件

郯庐断裂带内一系列走滑糜棱岩类的^40Ar/^39Ar测年表明，郯庐断裂早白垩世发生了左旋走滑运动。这一大规模的走滑运动，造成了两类走滑构造，一类为变质岩中低绿片岩相左旋韧性剪切带，另一类为中生代火成岩、沉积岩中的脆性、脆-韧性左行平移断层。这反映断裂带的走滑运动从早白垩世初期持续到早白垩世后期。断裂带的走滑运动诱发大规模的、以富钾、中酸性为主的岩浆活动。地球化学分析显示，这些岩浆岩既有壳源的信息，也有幔源的贡献，反映是断裂减压、壳-幔相互作用下形成的岩浆活动，也暗示断裂带在走滑期切入壳-幔边界。该断裂带走滑运动中，除了在莱阳盆地形成了拉分盆地外，还在合肥盆地东部造成了走滑挠曲盆地，控制下白垩统朱巷组的沉积，郯庐断裂带早白垩世走滑运动中的构造、岩浆、沉积事件，是西太平洋伊泽纳崎板块高速斜向俯冲的结果，属于滨太平洋构造。     

冀北滦平盆地陆相侏罗系-白垩系界线候选层型剖面初步研究

在发现陆相侏罗系—白垩系界线地层连续剖面的基础上,补充大北沟组和大店子组的含义,将2组系统分为7个岩段,命名4个标志层;确定年代地层层序,完善大北沟阶和义县阶定义内容;研究重点门类化石分布和演化,建立系统生物地层分带序列,包括7个介形虫带和6个叶肢介带;划分陆相生物群发展阶段,将侏罗系—白垩系界线置于“早期热河生物群”阶段的底部;开展旋回地层和层序地层学研究,建立地层等时格架,识别盆地演化的3个阶段和5个构造期;测得界线层型剖面点存在O同位素高值异常;锆石206Pb/238U测得张家口组顶部年龄为135.4Ma±1.6Ma,大北沟组中部为133.9Ma±2.5Ma和130.1Ma±2.5Ma。综合多学科研究成果,将界线层型剖面点定在张家沟剖面第9层底,以介形虫化石Cyprideastenolonga的首现为标志。     

论库姆塔格沙漠羽毛状断裂的成因 ——“八一泉运动”及其与青藏高原隆升、 气候变化的关系

通过野外调查和同位素测年, 讨论了库姆塔格沙漠羽毛状断裂的形成与"八一泉运动"有关, 纠正了前人所说的八一泉雅丹下部褶皱断裂地层属上新世地层的传统概念, 实际上是早更新世湖相地层于中更新世晚期因发生八一泉构造运动形成的褶皱断裂的变形地层带. 所称的上新世地层实际是中更新世晚期的变形地层, 这也是227 ka BP左右的"八一泉运动"的证据, 讨论了它在青藏高原的隆升过程中的特殊阶段, 及其对青藏高原以北地区气候环境的影响, 重新建立了青藏高原隆升与冰期、 间冰期气候变化的序列, 并首次探讨了与中国东部冰缘期的对比问题.