高寒地区浅基础埋深问题

运用工程实例论述了影响高寒地区浅基础埋深的重要因素, 提出了基础埋深的具体计算方法。     

沉积体系域控矿机制讨论——以华南泥盆纪某些沉积层控矿床为例

七十年代末期,由于地震地层学的扩展,层序地层学应运而生并已成为沉积地质学研究领域的前沿学科,也是全球沉积地质计划(GSGP)的重要内容之一和第十三届国际沉积学大会的中心议题之一,由此可见地质工作者对进行层序地层研究的热衷程度。七·五期间,在刘宝珺教授领导的《中国南方岩相古地理及沉积、层控矿产远景预测》项目中,运用层序地层学的理论和方法对中国南方震旦纪至二叠纪的沉积层序进行了研究,并建立了离散型被动大陆边缘、汇聚型挤压盆地和板内盆地中的沉积层序模式和海平面升降曲线。     

山阴平鲁段公路工程地质环境与评价

山阴平鲁段高速公路是国家重点公路威海乌海公路的一部分。依据路线走廊带1:1万地质综合调查结果,在阐述和分析了3条预选线路的工程地质环境、沿线工程地质灾害的基础上,对各线路的工程稳定性进行了综合评价,并推荐A线为优先线路。     

山西临县紫金山碱性岩-碳酸岩杂岩体的稀土元素和氧锶同位素特征

紫金山杂岩体的氧同位素δ~(18)O为7.7—9.2‰,锶同位素初始比值~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr为0.70428,这表明该杂岩体的物质来源主要是上地幔。根据稀土元素特征,可将该杂岩体的八种岩石分为三组。总的来看三组岩石均呈富轻稀土型,Eu异常不明显,Eu/Eu变化范围为0.95—1.12。从第一组岩石到第三组岩石,即从早到晚稀土总量降低,尤其是重稀土更突出(∑HREE从41.6→18.3→13.8),球粒陨石标准化曲线的倾斜度变陡,但在每一组中的变化趋势正好与前者相反。在同一个杂岩体中出现两种变化趋势,这是很有意义的。     

普格县植被覆盖度遥感动态监测分析

以四川省普格县为研究区,选择2000年、2006年Landsat TM数据和1：50000地形图作为基本信息源,对遥感数据进行辐射校正、几何校正、图像裁剪处理后,计算出两期图像的归一化植被指数（NDVI）,对植被覆盖度进行估算。根据结果经过对比分析表明普格县六年间植被覆盖度主要呈增高趋势,总体上认为研究区植被覆盖度变化和人类活动有不可分割的密切关系,近几年来的长江上游水土保持和退耕还林等生态建设工程在该地区已经取得一定成效。     

玛纳斯河流域绿洲生态经济功能区划研究

生态功能区划是寻求人类与自然和谐共处的有效途径.运用地理信息系统工具提取遥感图像数据,定性分析与定量评价相结合,对玛纳斯河流域绿洲进行生态经济功能区划.研究表明:玛纳斯河流域绿洲可以划分为4个生态经济功能亚区.该划分有助于为玛纳斯河流域绿洲资源开发、产业布局、灾害防治、环境综合整治、生态建设及经济发展分区管理提供科学依据.     

中国西藏南部珠穆朗玛峰地区的地层

珠穆朗玛峰(以下简称珠峰)地区系指亚东以西,吉隆以东,雅鲁藏布江以南的我国境内广大地区。于1966年～1968年我国无产阶级文化大革命期间,由中国科学院主持,对这一地区进行了大规模的科学考察。在地层古生物方面,也同其它学科一样,获得了非常丰富的资料。在这个地区首次发现了奥陶系、志留系和泥盆系,并对中生代和新生代地层作了较详细的分层工作,从而初步建立了珠峰地区比较完整的地层系统。由奥陶系至老第三系厚达一万米的海相地层,大多是连续沉积的。     

准噶尔盆地东缘老君庙地区砂岩型铀矿成矿要素遥感识别

盆地边缘砂岩型铀矿的成矿要素包括构造斜坡带、充足的铀源、携铀地下水的补-径-排体系以及氧化-还原过渡带等。遥感技术的发展为快速识别以上成矿要素,及高效勘查砂岩型铀矿提供了机会。本文以准噶尔盆地东缘老君庙地区为研究对象,利用GF-5高光谱分辨率影像进行蚀变矿物提取、Sentinel-2影像及DEM数据建立三维地形,结合航磁航放数据对该区砂岩型铀矿成矿条件进行遥感识别。结果表明,该研究区处于盆缘缓倾的构造斜坡带,并具有较好的地下水补-径-排体系;地表蚀变矿物主要为高岭石、少量伊利石,并呈带状分布;航磁异常的弱变化表明研究区处于氧化-还原过渡带。综合遥感、航磁航放资料与铀异常信息,识别出研究区砂岩型铀矿形成相关的铀源、补-径-排体系和蚀变矿物等成矿要素,对盆地周缘找矿具有参考意义。     

Changes in streamflow regimes and their responses to different soil and water conservation measures in the Loess Plateau watersheds,China

Investigating the changes in streamflow regimes in response to various influencing factors contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms of hydrological processes in different watersheds and to water resource management strategies. This study examined streamflow regime changes by applying the indicators of hydrologic alteration method and eco-flow metrics to daily runoff data (1965–2016) from the Sandu, Hulu and Dali Rivers on the Chinese Loess Plateau, and then determined their responses to terracing, afforestation and damming. The Budyko water balance equation and the double mass curve method were used to separate the impacts of climate change and human activities on the mean discharge changes. The results showed that the terraced and dammed watersheds exhibited significant decreases in annual runoff. All hydrologic metrics indicated that the highest degree of hydrologic alteration was in the Sandu River watershed (terraced), where the monthly and extreme flows reduced significantly. In contrast, the annual eco-deficit increased significantly, indicating the highest reduction in streamflow among the three watersheds. The regulation of dams and reservoirs in the Dali River watershed has altered the flow regime, and obvious decreases in the maximum flow and slight increases in the minimum flow and baseflow indices were observed. In the Hulu River watershed (afforested), the monthly flow and extreme flows decreased slightly and were categorized as low-degree alteration, indicating that the long-term delayed effects of afforestation on hydrological processes. The magnitude of the eco-flow metrics varied with the alteration of annual precipitation. Climate change contributed 67.47% to the runoff reduction in the Hulu River watershed, while human activities played predominant roles in reducing runoff in the Sandu and Dali River watersheds. The findings revealed distinct patterns and causes of streamflow regime alteration due to different conservation measures, emphasizing the need to optimize the spatial allocation of measures to control soil erosion and utilize water resources on the Loess Plateau.     

Land use change effects on catchment streamflow response in a humid tropical montane cloud forest region,central Veracruz,Mexico

Tropical montane cloud forests (TMCF) are recognized for their capacity to maintain high dry-season baseflow and a host of other ecosystem services. Substantial areas of TMCF have been converted to pasture and crops such as coffee, while in other areas TCMF are recovering. However, little is known about the effects of this complex dynamic on catchment hydrology. We investigated the effect of land use on rainfall-runoff response in five neighbouring headwater micro-catchments in central Veracruz, Mexico, dominated by either mature TMCF (MF), young (20 year-old) and intermediate (40 year-old) naturally regenerating TMCF (YF and IF, respectively), shaded coffee (SC), and an intensively grazed pasture (IP). We used a 4-year record of high-resolution rainfall and streamflow (10 min) data collected from 2015 to 2019. These data were analysed via comparison of hydrologic metrics that summarize streamflow responses at various time scales and magnitudes. Results showed no statistical difference in the regulation capacity of high flows in the micro-catchment with 20 years of natural regeneration, compared to the MF. In terms of baseflow sustenance, our results support the hypothesis that MF and IF better promote this hydrologic service than the other land uses. SC exhibited a high capacity to modulate peak flows comparable to that of MF, and an intermediate capacity to sustain baseflow, suggesting that the integrated functioning of this micro-catchment was largely preserved. Finally, 40 years of intense pasture management was found to have degraded the soil hydraulic properties of IP; mainly, reducing its infiltration capacity, causing a fivefold greater peak flow response and a lower baseflow compared to MF.