华贵栉孔扇贝三倍体的研究

本文报道了用细胞松驰素B、高温和低温休克等方法诱导华贵栉孔扇贝（Chlamys nobilis）三倍体的实验结果。在26.0～28.0℃条件下，选用不同浓度的细胞松驰素B0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7和1.0mg/dm^3，在受精后15min，处理受精卵15min，三倍体诱导率分别为12.5%、37.5%、68.0%、66.6%和81.0%，其中0.5～1.0mg/dm^3浓度的细胞松驰素B对改变倍性最有效。高温休克选用31.0、33.0、35.0和37.0℃处理受精卵，最高三倍体诱导率达46.7%（33.0℃,处理15min）。低温休克选用6.0、8.0、10.0和12.0℃处理受精卵，最高三倍体诱导率为40.7%（10.0℃，处理20min）。实验结果表明，随着处理强度的增大和处理时间的延长，三倍体诱导率增高、但孵化率下降，畸型率上升。用高温休克处理的实验组幼虫生长速度较对照组快。作者认为，在商业性生产中，温度休克是诱导扇贝三倍体的一种简便、有效的方法。文中还就细胞松驰素B与温度休克诱导三倍体的机制进行了讨论。     

东北冷涡背景下一次龙卷过程的观测分析

2012年6月12日在吉林省白城市洮北区发生一次龙卷过程 (简称“612”龙卷),对此次龙卷过程天气形势和雷达资料分析结果表明:龙卷发生在高空冷涡的东南象限、中高空急流北侧、低空急流左侧的对流不稳定区域及地面较暖湿的环境中,大气对流参数计算结果显示龙卷过程低层 (0~1 km) 的垂直风切变较强 (为6.0×10-3s-1),抬升凝结高度较低 (低于1 km),且龙卷发生前对流有效位能较大。同时,龙卷过程超过50 dBZ的强核高度均在4 km以下,为低质心的对流系统,龙卷产生于一条带状回波与一近似团状回波合并加强后的强回波带中,并逐渐演变成“S”型,伴有“V”型缺口,中心最强值达61 dBZ。根据多普勒天气雷达导出产品并结合径向速度图反映出“612”龙卷是发生在以龙卷涡旋特征为主的尺度较小且垂直涡度较大 (约为3.65×10-2~3.83×10-2s-1) 的强对流风暴中,持续时间较短。     

基于水热耦合的青藏高原分布式水文模型 ——Ⅱ.考虑冰川和冻土的尼洋河流域水循环过程模拟

尼洋河流域是雅鲁藏布江第四大支流,受冰川、积雪和冻土影响,水循环关系极其复杂。为深入研究该区域内的水文循环过程,本文在寒区水循环模型（WEP-COR）的基础上,针对青藏高原气候和地质特点,构建了耦合“积雪-土壤-砂砾石层”连续体和“积雪-冰川”水热过程模拟的青藏高原分布式水循环模型（WEP-QTP）。在尼洋河流域通过对2013—2016年的流量过程模拟发现,工布江达和泥曲站的逐月流量Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数分别达到0.810和0.752,比改进前的0.430和0.095有明显提升;以2015年为例,对比WEP-COR和WEP-QTP模型发现,WEP-QTP模型在汛期特别是主汛前（冻土融化期）模拟的流量过程不会出现较大的波动,模拟得到的逐日流量Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数相比WEP-COR从-0.67提高到0.54。模型增强了地下水含水层的调节作用,使得流量过程更加平稳且接近实测,研究结果表明,WEP-QTP模型适用于青藏高原的水文模拟。     

Microbial release of potassium from K-bearing minerals by thermophilic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus

A strain of thermophilic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus was cultured with K-bearing minerals to determine if microbe-mineral interactions enhance the release of mineralic potassium. Experiments were carried out in two settings, one with the mineral grains and the fungal cells in direct contact, and the other employing a membrane (pore size 0.22 μm) to separate the two. Measurements over a period of 30 days showed that, irrespective of the experimental setup, the concentration of free K in the culture was drastically higher than those in any of the control experiments where no living organism was present. Moreover, the occurrence of mineral-cell physical contact enhanced potassium release by an additional factor of 3 to 4 in comparison to the separation experiments. For contact experiments, Electron Probe Microanalysis revealed the formation of mycelium-mineral aggregates, and Atomic Force Microscopy imaging further indicated the possible ingestion of mineral particles by the fungus cells. Contrasting to what was observed and expected in control experiments, the potassium solubilization rate showed a positive dependence upon pH when fungi and minerals were mixed directly, and exhibited no correlations with solution acidity if cell-rock contact was restrained. These results appear to suggest that A. fumigatus promoted potassium release by means of at least three likely routes, one through the complexation of soluble organic ligands, another appealing to the immobile biopolymers such as the insoluble components of secretion, and the third related to the mechanical forces in association with the direct physical contact between cells and mineral particles.     

基于MODIS/NDVI的新疆伊犁河谷植被变化

利用2000-2010年16 d合成的MODIS/[NDVI]数据,结合植被异常指数、趋势线分析和Hurst指数等分析方法,对新疆伊犁河谷植被覆盖的时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明：（1） 伊犁河谷内植被覆盖随海拔增高而先增加后减小,最高植被覆盖区位于2 000～2 500 m的高程带;2000-2010年伊犁河谷各高程带内植被覆盖整体下降趋势明显,但海拔低于1 000 m的高程带除外。（2）受干湿环境影响,伊犁河谷全区平均被植异常指数最高值出现在降水最多的2002年,最低值出现在降水最少的2008年,但不同区域植被异常指数的变化存在较大差异。（3）伊犁河谷内植被覆盖增加和减小的区域分别占总面积的4.09%和19.34%,增加区域主要位于伊犁河两岸的平原区,减小区域主要位于乌孙山两端以及伊犁河谷周围海拔2 000 m左右的低山区域;变标度极差分析结果表明,伊犁河谷内植被覆盖年际变化呈现很强的持续性,未来一定时间内将保持现有变化趋势不变。     

Streamflow regimes of the Yanhe River under climate and land use change,Loess Plateau,China

Soil and water conservation measures including terracing, afforestation, construction of sediment‐trapping dams, and the ‘Grain for Green Program’ have been extensively implemented in the Yanhe River watershed, of the Loess Plateau, China, over the last six decades, and have resulted in large‐scale land use and land cover changes. This study examined the trends and shifts in streamflow regime over the period of 1953–2010 and relates them to changes in land use and soil and water conservation and to the climatic factors of precipitation and air temperature. The non‐parametric Mann–Kendall test and the Pettitt test were used to identify trends and shifts in streamflow and base flow. A method based on precipitation and potential evaporation was used to evaluate the impacts of climate variability and changes in non‐climate factors changes on annual streamflow. A significant decrease (p = 0.01) in annual streamflow was observed related to a significant change point in 1996, mostly because of significant decreases in streamflow (p = 0.01) in the July to September periods in subsequent years. The annual base flow showed no significant trend from 1953 to 2010 and no change point year, mostly because there were no significant seasonal trends, except for significant decreases (p = 0.05) in the July to September periods. There was no significant trend for precipitation over the studied time period, and no change point was detected. The air temperature showed a significant increasing trend (p < 0.01), and 1986 (p < 0.01) was the change point year. The climate variability, as measured by precipitation and temperature, and non‐climate factors including land use changes and soil and water conservation were estimated to have contributed almost equally to the reduction in annual streamflow. Soil and water conservation practices, including biological measures (e.g. revegetation, planting trees and grass) and engineering measures (such as fish‐scale pits, horizontal trenches, and sediment‐trapping dams) play an important role in reduction of the conversion of rainfall to run‐off. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

北疆寒潮天气分析及预报

利用1998-2014年20场北疆典型寒潮天气过程的高空、地面和数值预报产品资料,对北疆寒潮天气进行了环流分型和区域分型,总结了环流型与冷空气路径、区域类型的对应关系,重点统计了不同季节北疆寒潮爆发前一天内500hPa脊前北风急流、锋区强度、中低空冷空气强度、地面冷高压等特征量的平均值和最大、最小值,并检验欧洲ECMWF数值预报产品在北疆寒潮天气预报中的预报能力,为北疆寒潮精细化预报提供了技术参考。     

Influence of positive and negative Indian Ocean Dipoles on ENSO via the Indonesian Throughflow: Results from sensitivity experiments

The role of the Indonesian Throughflow(ITF) in the influence of the Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD) on ENSO is investigated using version 2 of the Parallel Ocean Program(POP2) ocean general circulation model. We demonstrate the results through sensitivity experiments on both positive and negative IOD events from observations and coupled general circulation model simulations. By shutting down the atmospheric bridge while maintaining the tropical oceanic channel, the IOD forcing is shown to influence the ENSO event in the following year, and the role of the ITF is emphasized. During positive IOD events,negative sea surface height anomalies(SSHAs) occur in the eastern Indian Ocean, indicating the existence of upwelling.These upwelling anomalies pass through the Indonesian seas and enter the western tropical Pacific, resulting in cold anomalies there. These cold temperature anomalies further propagate to the eastern equatorial Pacific, and ultimately induce a La Nia-like mode in the following year. In contrast, during negative IOD events, positive SSHAs are established in the eastern Indian Ocean, leading to downwelling anomalies that can also propagate into the subsurface of the western Pacific Ocean and travel further eastward. These downwelling anomalies induce negative ITF transport anomalies, and an El Nio-like mode in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean that persists into the following year. The effects of negative and positive IOD events on ENSO via the ITF are symmetric. Finally, we also estimate the contribution of IOD forcing in explaining the Pacific variability associated with ENSO via ITF.     

基于GNSS浮标和验潮资料的HY-2A卫星高度计绝对定标

为探测我国HY-2A卫星高度计海面高测量绝对偏差及其在轨运行状态,本文利用GNSS浮标星下点同步测量和验潮资料海面高传递方法在山东千里岩和珠海担杆岛海域开展定标研究。为验证GNSS浮标定标方法的准确性,还对国外卫星Jason-2和Saral进行了定标实验。实验表明GNSS浮标绝对海面高测量精度达2 cm,对Jason-2和Saral高度计多个周期定标得到的海面高偏差均值分别为5.7 cm和-2.3 cm,与国际专门定标场的结果符合较好。2014年9月和2015年5月HY-2A卫星高度计浮标定标结果分别是-65 cm和-91 cm,因两次结果差异显著,故又利用千里岩验潮站资料对HY-2A卫星高度计第56至73周期进行了定标分析,结果证明HY-2A卫星海面高存在约-51 cm/a的漂移,置信度为95%的回归分析表明浮标和验潮定标结果符合。本文研究结果表明在我国尚无专门定标场的情况下,可利用GNSS浮标对我国高度计实施灵活、精准的在轨绝对定标,在有高度计轨迹经过验潮站的情况下可使用验潮资料结合精密大地水准面模型进行绝对定标。     

Semi-Probabilistic Evaluation of System Redundancy for Existing Offshore Structures

In this paper, a new definition of structure system redundancy is proposed in view of the various measures for structure redundancy. By introducing the terms of structure system failure at the mechanism level and equivalent reliability index, the safety for existing offshore platforms can be evaluated by the semi-probabilistic method presented in this paper. Some numerical examples are given and satisfactory results have been obtained.