基于交通通达性的关中—天水经济区县际经济联系测度及时空动态分析

基于关中—天水经济区58个县级城市公路、铁路站点、航空机场的加权平均旅行时间、经济联系强度和隶属度数据,运用GIS网络分析和探索性空间数据分析方法,从公路、铁路站点、航空机场不同交通方式的角度全面剖析1980-2014年关中—天水经济区县际经济联系网络空间格局与演化特征。研究发现：关中—天水经济区县级城市不同交通方式通达性提高幅度与其经济联系总量增幅呈现耦合性,但前者存在显著的空间自相关和集聚性,后者存在弱相关性和集聚性,城市综合质量与基于不同交通方式的城市经济联系总量呈显著正相关;基于不同交通方式的县际经济联系中龙头城市、孤岛城市、孤点城市并存,大多城市处于自我发展阶段,区域一体化进程缓慢;形成西咸—宝鸡—天水串珠状组团多核经济联系空间格局,组团之间经济联系微弱,沿交通干线形成横向弱经济联系轴线。     

Research on the growth orientation of pyrite grains in the colloform textures in Baiyunpu Pb–Zn polymetallic deposit,Hunan, China

Mineralogy and Petrology - A large number of colloform-textured pyrites were found in Baiyunpu Pb–Zn ore bodies in Xinshao County, Hunan, China. This study investigates the growth orientation...     

走滑断裂活动导致地应力解耦的机理研究——以龙门山断裂带东北段为例

2008年汶川MS8.0地震后,沿龙门山断裂带系列水压致裂地应力测量结果表明,断裂带东北段(茂县-绵竹连线东北侧)北川、平武及广元等地浅表层最大主应力方向与区域应力场相比发生了25°~69°不等的偏转,亦称地应力解耦。初步分析认为,龙门山断裂带东北段的右旋走滑活动直接导致了区域内最大主应力方向的解耦,且最大主应力方位向偏转角度与断裂右旋走滑活动量正相关。为合理解释这一现象,探讨走滑断裂活动导致地应力解耦的机理,本文采用二维有限元数值模拟方法,选取汶川MS8.0地震断裂(龙门山中央断裂)上的同震右旋走滑位移作为边界条件,首先模拟了龙门山断裂带东北段右旋走滑活动产生的扰动应力特征,之后结合断裂带附近典型钻孔地应力测量结果,叠加该扰动应力作用,从力学机理上深入剖析断裂右旋走滑活动产生的扰动应力对区域应力场(或初始应力场)的影响,并对其附近不同构造部位最大主应力方向偏转现象进行定量解释。初步结果表明：1) 走滑断裂活动导致地应力解耦主要是通过断裂滑动产生的扰动应力对区域应力场的附加影响实现的;2) 在固定的断裂活动长度和摩擦强度情况下,走滑断裂活动导致区域最大主应力方向偏转角度基本与活动断裂走滑位移量呈正比;3) 受汶川MS8.0地震影响,龙门山断裂带大致以茂县-绵竹为界,西南侧的宝兴-映秀-汶川一带最大主应力方向偏转角度很小,基本与区域应力场一致,而东北侧的北川-平武-广元一带则发生角度不等的偏转,3个地区最大主应力方向平均偏转角度分别为65°、56°和29°,该角度与龙门山断裂带东北段同震右旋走滑位移量呈正相关。     

基于增强DeepLabV3网络的高分辨率遥感影像分类

由于高分影像具有地物细节丰富、类别差异大等特点,现有的卷积神经网络影像分类方法普遍存在分类精度低、地物边界不准确等问题。鉴于此,本文提出一种基于增强DeepLabV3网络的影像分类模型。首先构建R-MCN网络结构,利用大小不同的卷积核并结合残差网络的思想进一步提取浅层网络的多尺度、多层次的特征信息;然后采用可学习的上采样方式,并将R-MCN提取的特征与高阶的语义信息相融合;最后通过提出的Mloss损失函数,获得遥感影像的地物分类结果。试验结果表明,相对于传统的卷积神经网络,本文方法能细化地物的边缘信息,改善分类效果,获得更高的影像分类精度。     

Preparation of κ-carra-Oligosaccharides with Microwave Assisted Acid Hydrolysis Method

A rapid method of microwave assisted acid hydrolysis was established to prepare κ-carra-oligosaccharides. The optimal hydrolysis condition was determined by an orthogonal test. The degree of polymerization(DP) of oligosaccharides was detected by high performance thin layer chromatography(HPTLC) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE). Considering the results of HPTLC and PAGE, the optimum condition of microwave assisted acid hydrolysis was determined. The concentration of κ-carrageenan was 5 mg m L-1; the reaction solution was adjusted to p H 3 with diluted hydrochloric acid; the solution was hydrolyzed under microwave irradiation at 100 for 15℃ min. Oligosaccharides were separated by a Superdex 30 column(2.6 cm × 90 cm) using AKTA Purifier UPC100 and detected with an online refractive index detector. Each fraction was characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(ESI-MS). The data showed that odd-numbered κ-carra-oligosaccharides with DP ranging from 3 to 21 could be obtained with this method, and the structures of the oligosaccharides were consistent with those obtained by traditional mild acid hydrolysis. The new method was more convenient, efficient and environment-friendly than traditional mild acid hydrolysis. Our results provided a useful reference for the preparation of oligosaccharides from other polysaccharides.     

A Minireview of Marine Algal Virus-Coccolithoviruses

Coccolithophorid is unicellular marine microalgae with a global distribution in temperate and sub-temperate oceanic regions and has the ability to produce ‘the coccoliths'. It is considered to be the second most productive calcifying organism on earth and becoming an important factor in the global carbonate cycle. Emiliania huxleyi is one of the only two bloom-forming coccolithophores and becomes a species crucial to the study of global biogeochemical cycles and climate modeling. Coccolithoviruse is a recently discovered group of viruses infecting the marine coccolithophorid E. huxleyi. They are a major cause of coccolithophore bloom termination, and DMSP concentration is increasing in the process of viral lysis. Phylogenetic evidences support that some genes are functional both in E. huxleyi and its virus(Eh V). Horizontal gene transfer(HGT) of multiple functionally coupled enzymes occurs in E. huxleyi and its DNA virus Eh V has been confirmed, which contributes to the diversification and adaptation of plankton in the oceans and also critically regulates virus-host infection by allowing viruses to control host metabolic pathways for their replication. Therefore, it is of particular interest to understand this host-virus interaction. On this issue, we have made a minireview of coccolithoviruses focusing on the basic characteristics, phylogenesis, horizontal gene transfer and the interaction between the host and its viruses, as well as its important role in global biogeochemical cycling.     

海洋专题制图标准的发展与展望

海洋专题制图标准是规范海洋专题图制作、建立读图者一致认知, 以及实现海洋信息共享的基础。随着我国海洋科 学调查的逐步深入及大量制图成果的涌现, 制图标准化工作越来越受到重视。本文从定义与描述 、获取与处理 、检测与测 试 、成果与服务等 4 个方面梳理了国内外海洋制图标准的发展状况。结果表明： (1) 海洋专题地图的标准化尚待提高, 尤 其是与陆地基本比例尺地形图 、地质图 、航海图标准化相比, 发展较为缓慢; (2) 908 专项及全球变化与海气相互作用专 项在海洋制图标准方面的大力建设, 使得海洋专题要素分类 、表示方法 、图件类型和图面整饰等趋于成熟和一致; (3) 当 前海洋专题制图标准多以定义描述类的图式图例为主, 缺乏处理与分析、表达与管理、检查与评价、输出与共享等全链条的 标准支撑。今后, 除海洋调查、信息化之外海洋制图应加大其他领域如海洋生态、规划、灾害等海洋制图标准的编制, 注重 多要素、多维度、多时序海洋现象和规律的制图表达, 深化地图要素设计认知等方面的研究。     

1990—2017年杭州湾大陆岸线时空变迁分析

以 1990、2000、2005、2010、2014、2017 年遥感影像为数据源,采用人机交互的方式提取杭州湾各时期大陆岸线。通过对岸线长度和类型、岸线变化速率,以及岸线变化区域类型的变化情况统计,综合分析杭州湾大陆岸线时空变迁规律。研究表明,20 世纪 90 年代以来,杭州湾大陆岸线整体向海一侧推进,自然岸线保有率持续下降。围填海等工程建设是导致岸线变化的主要因素,加强对围填海工程的管控和海岸线保护与利用管理,可以进一步优化资源配置,促使科学合理的海岸带格局的形成。     

Effects of Several Immunostimulants on Phenoloxidase and Hemocytes of the Crab Charybdis japonica

To investigate the stimulating effects of immunostimulants on the autogenous immunocompetence of crabs and the possible mechanisms involved, the immunostimulating effects of β-1,3-glucan, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), inactivated Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio anguillarum on phenoloxidase (PO) and hemocytes of Charybdis japonica were investigated in this study. It was found that the yields and the enzymatic activities of purified PO in C. japonica increased significantly after the crabs were treated with immunostimulants, while the unit enzymatic activities remained almost the same. After treatment with β-1,3-glucan and LPS, the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the number of mitochondria in both semigranular cells and granular cells increased greatly, and the number of cytoplasmic granules decreased but with enlarged volume. However, the corresponding characteristics of hyaline cells remained almost the same. On the other hand, the number of granules in semigranular cells decreased greatly, and the number of mitochondria of hyaline cells increased greatly, after treatment with inactivated vibrios. It may be concluded that the effect of polysaccharide immunostimulants on the innate immune system of C. japonica is different from that of inactivated vibrio immunostimulants. The immunity-enhancing mechanism of polysaccharides in crab autogenous immunocompetence is probably accomplished by the increased yields of PO and total PO activities, while that of inactivated vibrios is probably accomplished by the partially increased yields of PO and total PO activities as well as the significantly improved phagocytotic abilities of semigranular cells and hyaline cells.     

基于不透水表面指数的城市地表覆被格局特征——以深圳市为例

以遥感数据进行土地利用/覆被分类为基础,利用景观格局指数研究快速城市化地区地表覆被格局变化时,面临两大难题,即① 混合像元影响分类的精度存在不确定性,直接影响格局分析结论的可靠性;② 景观格局指数,难以有效分析城市内部局部地区景观格局演变过程的变化特征。针对上述关键问题,本文以不透水表面组分表征城市的主体景观,运用地统计学及剖面线方法分析深圳市地表覆被格局的空间分异及其演变特征。结果表明：① 1990-2005 年,深圳地表覆被空间格局经历了分散-单中心聚集-多中心分散-多中心聚集的演变过程,在经历了东西-西北东南-东北西南-南北方向的发展过程后,景观整体的自相关程度高,空间梯度差异小。1990 年的不透水表面组分比2005 年低20%~40%,并且早期局地变化波动较大,后期变化波动明显减小。在局地空间演变上,老城区变化小,新城区及工业区变化大,城市不透水表面的局地空间差异性显著缩小。② 城市不透水表面具有显著的梯度特征,在空间上主要呈现连续渐变的特点,因而在格局分析方法上,地统计学与剖面线方法可以同时从整体和局地两个层次对空间格局演变进行有效刻画。