基于监督与非监督分割评价方法提取高分辨率遥感影像特定目标地物的对比研究

基于地理对象的影像分析方法已成为高分辨率遥感影像分析的重要手段。影像分割作为其关键步骤,如何设置合适的分割算法参数对后续分割和分类结果有重要的影响。目前分割参数优选方法的探讨分别从非监督与监督分割质量评价2个方面展开,而何者更适合高分辨率遥感影像特定目标地物分析仍缺乏对比研究。本文以城镇和乡村为例,选取多源遥感数据Quickbird、WorldView-2和ALOS影像中共有的3种典型土地覆被为研究对象,基于2种具有代表性的非监督与监督方法ESP2 (Estimation of Scale Parameter 2)与ED2 (Euclidean distance 2) 进行实验,对最优分割和分类的结果进行全面的对比分析。结果表明：① 相同实验参数下,监督方法均能以较少的分割数据集获得目标地物的最优分割结果,且与真实地理对象吻合度更高;② 非监督方法依靠影像自身特征分析进行分割参数优选,无法克服不同景观格局和影像分辨率的影响,而监督方法可通过改变参考数据集的面积和空间分布模式等来降低其影响;③ 非监督方法往往因为欠分割而漏分小目标地物,这样会严重影响局部分类结果。虽然本文中非监督与监督方法的整体分类精度均可达90.08%以上,但非监督方法的漏分率却是监督方法的1.43~4.65倍。因此,本研究认为监督方法更适合分析高分辨率遥感影像特定小目标地物。     

粒度和磁化率记录的毛乌素沙地东缘全新世气候变化

通过对毛乌素沙地东缘大柳塔剖面地层沉积物粒度及磁化率特征的分析,结合光释光测年结果,探讨了毛乌素沙地全新世气候变化。结果表明:(1)剖面沉积物粒度组成以中砂、粗砂为主,古土壤中黏粒组分含量高(3.32%),风成砂中几乎不含黏粒组分(0.01%),粒度参数的平均粒径M_z和分选系数σ也表现为古土壤高值、风成砂低值;(2)磁化率在全剖面呈有规律的变化,低频、高频磁化率在古土壤中呈高值,湖沼相、弱成壤次之,风成砂最小;低频磁化率χ_lf与黏粒(<2μm)含量、平均粒径M_z呈显著正相关,垂向剖面上变化规律一致,指示了相似的气候环境意义;(3)毛乌素沙地在10.39 ka BP附近存在明显的3次冷干-暖湿气候波动; 10.39～9.34 ka BP,气候冷干,风沙活动盛行; 9.34～8.68 ka BP,冬季风衰退,夏季风增强,成壤作用强烈; 8.68～8.29 ka BP,气候寒冷干燥; 8.29～2.72 ka BP,气候整体温暖湿润,在6.55～3.80 ka BP达到鼎盛后转向冷干; 2.72～1.34 ka BP,冬季风占主导,沙丘活化,沙漠扩张; 1.34 ka BP至今,逐渐接近现代气候。毛乌素沙地的全新世气候变化是东亚冬、夏季风此消彼长作用下全球气候变化的区域响应。     

A National Key R&D Program: Technologies and Guidelines for Monitoring Ecological Quality of Terrestrial Ecosystems in China

Ecological quality is defined as the stability, adaptability and resilience of an ecosystem. Monitoring and assessing ecological quality are important bases for China's ecological civilization construction. The national key research and development program “Technologies and guidelines for monitoring ecological quality of terrestrial ecosystems in China”, launched in July 2017, includes plans to study the observation technologies and provide guidelines on the ecological in-situ observation, the regional biodiversity and ecosystem function monitoring and its applications, all of which contribute to national ecological quality assessment. A year after its implementation, some important progress has been achieved, such as building the indicator system for comprehensive monitoring of ecological quality and improvement of the methods, mass data transmission, infrared camera-based monitoring of biodiversity, multi-angle automatic spectral observation systems, and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based desert monitoring. We have organized this special issue and attempted to introduce the monitoring techniques and assessment methods on ecological quality from different perspectives in order to further promote the development of ecology and its observation methods.     

An improved HASM method for dealing with large spatial data sets

Surface modeling with very large data sets is challenging. An efficient method for modeling massive data sets using the high accuracy surface modeling method (HASM) is proposed, and HASM_Big is developed to handle very large data sets. A large data set is defined here as a large spatial domain with high resolution leading to a linear equation with matrix dimensions of hundreds of thousands. An augmented system approach is employed to solve the equality-constrained least squares problem (LSE) produced in HASM_Big, and a block row action method is applied to solve the corresponding very large matrix equations. A matrix partitioning method is used to avoid information redundancy among each block and thereby accelerate the model. Experiments including numerical tests and real-world applications are used to compare the performances of HASM_Big with its previous version, HASM. Results show that the memory storage and computing speed of HASM_Big are better than those of HASM. It is found that the computational cost of HASM_Big is linearly scalable, even with massive data sets. In conclusion, HASM_Big provides a powerful tool for surface modeling, especially when there are millions or more computing grid cells.     

A fundamental theorem for eco-environmental surface modelling and its applications

We propose a fundamental theorem for eco-environmental surface modelling(FTEEM) in order to apply it into the fields of ecology and environmental science more easily after the fundamental theorem for Earth's surface system modeling(FTESM). The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH) region is taken as a case area to conduct empirical studies of algorithms for spatial upscaling, spatial downscaling, spatial interpolation, data fusion and model-data assimilation, which are based on high accuracy surface modelling(HASM), corresponding with corollaries of FTEEM. The case studies demonstrate how eco-environmental surface modelling is substantially improved when both extrinsic and intrinsic information are used along with an appropriate method of HASM. Compared with classic algorithms, the HASM-based algorithm for spatial upscaling reduced the root-meansquare error of the BTH elevation surface by 9 m. The HASM-based algorithm for spatial downscaling reduced the relative error of future scenarios of annual mean temperature by 16%. The HASM-based algorithm for spatial interpolation reduced the relative error of change trend of annual mean precipitation by 0.2%. The HASM-based algorithm for data fusion reduced the relative error of change trend of annual mean temperature by 70%. The HASM-based algorithm for model-data assimilation reduced the relative error of carbon stocks by 40%. We propose five theoretical challenges and three application problems of HASM that need to be addressed to improve FTEEM.     

河北省乐亭县马头营区干热岩资源孔位选址及开发前景分析

干热岩作为重要资源的组成部分,以其清洁、稳定、可再生的资源优势及巨大的高温发电潜力,越来越受到关注。我国干热岩研究尚处于起步阶段。在分析研究国内外干热岩开发利用工程的基础上,初步建立了干热岩区块评价指标,分析了马头营区干热岩开发潜力。以马头营凸起区干热岩科学钻探为例,从热、储、盖等方面分析了区内干热岩钻探选址的原则,建立了孔位地区干热岩系统概念模型。     

地理单元划分对城市热环境响应规律的影响——以北京为例

尺度效应及空间异质性决定了同一种影响因子在不同地理单元中对生态过程的作用程度存在差异.论文选择城市热环境效应这一典型城市生态过程为研究对象,针对地理单元划分对热环境效应响应规律研究较少的现状,选择土地利用分类、网格、街区、局地气候区4种地理单元,选取常用景观组分指标——归一化差值植被指数(normalized diff...     

陕北靖边庙梁遗址动物遗存研究兼论中国牧业的形成

对庙梁遗址龙山早期出土的动物骨骼按照发掘单位逐一进行系统分类、测量、鉴定,总共鉴定出8种哺乳动物,分别为蒙古兔(Lepus tolai)、奥氏马(Equus ovodovi)、家猪(Sus domesticus)、梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)、马鹿(Cervus elaphus)、狍(Capreolus cap...     

双排弹性桩隔振屏障对平面SH波的多重散射

提出了一种新的求解任意排列、任意半径的弹性桩对平面SH波的多重散射的理论方法,以解决以往假设单重散射的计算方法中不考虑桩列作为整体屏障从而忽略桩间相互干涉关系的不足,并且可用于分析多排弹性桩对平面SH波的散射性状。在数值计算分析中讨论了散射重数,排间距,桩土剪切模量比,桩数等对双排弹性桩屏障隔离效果的影响,从而对实际工程中利用排桩进行振动污染的治理和屏障隔振设计提出了重要的理论依据。     

Mineralogical Characteristics of Exsolved Spinel in the Panzhihua V-Ti Magnetite Deposit, Sichuan: Implications for the Mineralization Process

Spinel exsolution is widespread in titanomagnetite from the Fe-Ti oxide gabbro of the Panzhihua intrusion, Emeishan Large Igneous Province, SW China. However, little research has been conducted into the implications of patterns in the mineralogical characteristics of the spinel for spatial variation in the controls on the exsolution mechanism and, hence, the formation process of the ore deposit. This study selected the Lanjiahuoshan Ore Block in the Panzhihua V-Ti magnetite deposit to explore this issue, systematically studying exsolution textures in the titanomagnetite through petrographic observation and the integrated use of in-situ microanalysis. The results show that the exsolved spinel gradually becomes finer-grained and less abundant from the center to edge and the bottom to top of the ore bodies. Compositionally, there is an inverse correlation between the size of exsolved spinel grains and their Mg# value. In addition, there is compositional zonation in the spinel interiors, with a gradual increase in the Mg content and decrease in Fe content from the core to the rim. The analysis suggests that fractional crystallization of ferrotitanium magma with a high oxygen fugacity in a shallow magma chamber caused compositional differences in the primary magnetite solid solution in different parts of the Panzhihua intrusion. Additionally, the thermal evolution of the magnetite solid solution differed in different parts of orebody, bringing about variations in spinel development. Together, these effects resulted in spatial variation in the abundance, grain size, and morphology of spinel in different parts of the orebody and intrusion that follows an identifiable distribution law. Furthermore, the compositional zonation of exsolved spinels reflects the rapid growth of exsolution features in a high-temperature environment. Thus, the size, morphology, abundance, and composition of spinel exsolution features in titanomagnetite provide a valuable petrogenetic tool for estimating the maturity and formational environment of the deposit.