Revised runoff curve number for runoff prediction in the Loess Plateau of China

The soil conservation service (now Natural Resources Conservation Service) Curve Number (SCS-CN), one of the most commonly used methods for surface runoff prediction. The runoff calculated by this method was very sensitive to CN values. In this study, CN values were calculated by both arithmetic mean (CN_C) and least square fit method (CN_F) using observed rainfall-runoff data from 43 sites in the Loess Plateau region, which are considerably different from the CN₂ values obtained from the USDA-SCS handbook table (CN_T). The results showed that using CN_C instead of CN_T for each watershed produce little improvement, while replacing CN_T with CN_F improves the performance of the original SCS-CN method, but still performs poorly in most study sites. This is mainly due to the SCS-CN method using a constant CN value and discounting of the temporal variation in rainfall-runoff process. Therefore, three factors—soil moisture, rainfall depth and intensity—affecting the surface runoff variability are considered to reflect the variation of CN in each watershed, and a new CN value was developed. The reliability of the proposed method was tested with data from 38 watersheds, and then applied to the remaining five typical watersheds using the optimized parameters. The results indicated that the proposed method, which boosted the model efficiencies to 81.83% and 74.23% during calibration and validation cases, respectively, performed better than the original SCS-CN and the Shi and Wang (2020b) method, a modified SCS-CN method based on tabulated CN value. Thus, the proposed method incorporating the influence of the temporal variability of soil moisture, rainfall depth, and intensity factors suggests an accurate runoff prediction for general applications under different hydrological and climatic conditions on the Loess Plateau region.     

Evolution of the shape parameter in the Weibull distribution for brittle rocks under uniaxial compression

Applying the statistical damage theory based on the Weibull distribution to describe rock deformation and failure processes is an important development in rock mechanics. The shape parameter of the Weibull distribution, m, determines the basic shape of the distribution curve; additionally, it also represents a physical characteristic which can be applied when constructing rock constitutive models. To study the evolution of m during rock failure when applying the Weibull distribution to rock mechanics, uniaxial cyclic loading tests of shale specimens were conducted and previous rock mechanics experiments under different temperatures and loading rates were reviewed. The results indicate that m varied with the accumulation of damage but was almost constant between the volume expansion point and the peak strength point of each specimen. Combined with previous studies about the accelerated failure behavior of rocks, we conclude that between the volume expansion point and the peak strength point, the mechanical behavior of the rock fracture process did not change significantly. Based on the characteristics of m at different damage stages during the rock failure process, ranges of m values at different damage stages are proposed. The conclusions reached in this study may be used as an important reference for theoretical research on rock mechanics.     

淮南深部地球物理实验场重力噪声水平初步分析

利用淮南深部地球物理实验场地下848 m巷道内的Burris弹簧重力仪和地表LCR-ET20弹簧重力仪同期连续重力潮汐观测资料,对实验场地表和地下重力噪声水平进行了初步分析.分析结果表明在频率小于1.70 mHz(对应周期约为9.8 min)时,地下重力噪声水平都要比地表低;特别是在重力仪敏感的信号频段(周期大于3h的信号频段),地下848 m巷道内的重力噪声水平要比地表低约2个数量级,充分验证了实验场地下观测环境具有低重力噪声水平的超静特点.实验结果证明淮南深部地球物理实验场地下848 m巷道可为深地多物理场观测提供超静观测环境,为检测微弱地球物理场信号提供绝佳观测条件.     

Spatiotemporal characteristics of Qinghai Lake ice phenology between 2000 and 2016

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Lake ice phenology is considered a sensitive indicator of regional climate change. We utilized time series information of this kind extracted from a series of...     

国家重点研发项目:中国陆地生态系统生态质量综合监测技术与规范研究（英文）

生态质量是指一定时空范围内生态系统要素、结构和功能的综合特征,具体表现为生态系统的状况、生产能力、结构和功能的稳定性、抗干扰和恢复能力。生态系统的质量是我国生态文明建设和生态环境监测的重要内容,多时空尺度观测技术的发展为生态系统质量监测与评价提供了新机遇,但同时也对国家尺度生态要素、生物多样性和生态功能的观测标准与技术规范提出了新的要求。本国家重点研发项目自2017年7月立项以来,围绕国家尺度生态质量监测技术与规范,开展了生态系统网络观测技术规范、台站生态要素监测、区域生物多样性和区域生态功能监测技术与规范的研究,在典型农林草湿地生态系统开展应用示范。项目在生态质量综合监测指标体系构建、生态系统研究网络观测技术、区域生物多样性和区域生态功能监测、基于无人机和机器学习的荒漠植被监测等方面取得了重要进展,促进了生态质量监测技术的发展。我们组织本专辑从不同视野集中系统介绍本项目已取得的生态质量监测技术和评价方法,以期促进生态学及其观测技术的发展。     

长江经济带城市土地利用效率的影响因素及其空间溢出效应研究

在人多地少的基本国情下,提高城市土地利用效率是促进区域可持续发展和建设生态文明的内在要求。本文在对2009-2016年长江经济带108个地级及以上城市土地利用效率的研究基础上,采用空间相关性研究方法分析了时空分布格局,通过构建空间杜宾模型(SDM)对其空间溢出效应进行分析。研究结果表明:1)2009-2016年长江经济带城市土地利用效率整体呈现稳定上升趋势;基本呈现以上海、南京、武汉等不同城市群中心城市向外逐步降低的“中心-外围”的分布格局。2)通过构建空间杜宾模型分析发现,经济发展水平、产业结构有显著为正的直接效应和溢出效应;土地市场化水平有显著为正的溢出效应;城市固定资产投资对城市土地利用效率具有正的直接效应和负的溢出效应;政府财政支出水平则对城市土地利用效率的直接效应和溢出效应均不明显。3)不同影响因素对经济带上中下游城市土地利用效率的空间效应存在一定差异性。     

毛乌素沙地东南缘全新世气候不稳定性

毛乌素沙地处于中国季风区的西北边缘,对气候变化敏感,是古气候演化和古环境变迁研究的理想场所。全新世气温回暖期,气候整体稳定但存在暖湿冷干的次级波动,不同类型沉积相组成的地层序列记录了全新世千年、百年尺度的气候不稳定性。对毛乌素沙地不同沉积序列的研究表明:(1)毛乌素沙地东南缘的沙漠/黄土边界带DLT、NB剖面粒度及Rb/Sr比值可作为气候变化的代用指标。>63 μm砂含量增加,Rb/Sr比值降低,揭示东亚冬季风增强,风成砂堆积,风沙活动加剧,气候干冷;反之,东亚夏季风增强,降水增多,风化成壤程度加大,气候暖湿。(2)毛乌素沙地东南缘沙漠/黄土边界带及低洼沟谷区年代概率密度函数的分析显示,全新世早期~8\^5 ka BP风成砂堆积,风沙活动加剧,气候表现为干冷;全新世中期8\^5 ka~3\^0 ka BP地势较高处古土壤广泛发育,地势低洼处发育湖沼相/泥炭层,但在6.0 ka BP左右存在气候转冷过程;全新世晚期3\^0 ka BP以来气候波动频繁。(3)毛乌素沙地气候变化与北大西洋冰筏冷事件、董哥洞石笋、季风边缘区湖泊、东部沙地等记录具有可对比性和相对一致性,反映出全新世千年和百年尺度上的气候变化主要受全球变化的影响,这对预测和模拟未来气候变化具有借鉴意义。     

结合邻域信息和结构特征的遥感影像变化检测

为提高像元级变化检测方法的精度,提出一种结合邻域信息和结构特征的遥感影像变化检测方法.该方法涵盖邻域相关影像(neighborhood correlation image,NCI)、匹配误差和结构特征3种属性特征.首先,通过邻域相关分析技术获得表示上下文信息的邻域相关影像,利用邻域间像素的互相关性进行模板匹配获得匹配误差.然后,基于方向梯度信息提取能抵抗影像间光谱差异的结构特征.随后将邻域相关影像、匹配误差、结构特征作为决策树的分类属性,获取初始变化检测结果.最后,利用马尔可夫随机场(Markov random field,MRF)对其进行优化,获得最终的二值变化图.本文通过采用两组不同传感器的双时相遥感影像进行试验.结果表明,相较于采用变化向量分析法(change vector analysis,CVA)、单一邻域信息法及邻域信息和纹理特征相结合的方法,本文方法有效提高了变化检测的精度.     

山东省基于天地图的测绘成果目录服务系统研究与建设

介绍了基于天地图山东的测绘成果目录服务系统的特点、结构和功能。该系统的建设提高了测绘公共服务能力和水平,实现了基础测绘成果高效管理,推动了测绘成果社会化应用,促进了测绘成果管理信息化的进程,提高了山东省基础测绘成果分发服务水平与效率。