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Large numbers of bottom-hole temperatures (BHTs) and temperatures measured during drill-stem tests (DSTs) are available in areas explored for hydrocarbons, but their usefulness for estimating geothermal gradients and heat-flow density is limited. We investigated a large data set of BHT and DST measurements taken in boreholes in the American Midcontinent, a geologically uniform stable cratonic area, and propose an empirical correction for BHTs based on relationships between BHTs, DSTs, and thermal logs. This empirical correction is compared with similar approaches determined for other areas. The data were analyzed by multivariate statistics prior to the BHT correction to identify anomalous measurements and quantify external influences. Spatial patterns in temperature measurements for major stratigraphic units outline relations to regional structure. Comparision of temperature and structure trend-surface residuals reveals a relationship between temperature highs and local structure highs. The anticlines, developed by continuous but intermittent movement of basement fault blocks in the Late Paleozoic, are subtle features having closures of 10–30?m and contain relatively small hydrocarbon reservoirs. The temperature anomalies of the order of 5–7?°C may reflect fluids moving upward along fractures and faults, rather than changes in thermal conductivity resulting from different pore fluids. 相似文献
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K. David Newell John H. Doveton Daniel F. Merriam Barbara Sherwood Lollar William M. Waggoner L. Michael Magnuson 《Natural Resources Research》2007,16(3):277-292
In late 2005 and early 2006, the WTW Operating, LLC (W.T.W. Oil Co., Inc.) #1 Wilson well (T.D. = 5772 ft; 1759.3 m) was drilled
for 1826 ft (556.6 m) into Precambrian basement underlying the Forest City Basin in northeastern Kansas. Approximately 4500
of the 380,000 wells drilled in Kansas penetrate Precambrian basement. Except for two previous wells drilled into the arkoses
and basalts of the 1.1-Ga Midcontinent Rift and another well drilled in 1929 in basement on the Nemaha Uplift east of the
Midcontinent Rift, this well represents the deepest penetration into basement rocks in the state to date. Granite is the typical
lithology observed in wells that penetrate the Precambrian in the northern Midcontinent. Although no cores were taken to definitively
identify lithologies, well cuttings and petrophysical logs indicate that this well encountered basement metamorphic rocks
consisting of schist, gneiss, and amphibolitic gneiss, all cut by aplite dikes.
The well was cased and perforated in the Precambrian, and then acidized. After several days of swabbing operations, the well
produced shows of low-Btu gas, dominated by the non-flammable component gases of nitrogen (20%), carbon dioxide (43%), and
helium (1%). Combustible components include methane (26%), hydrogen (10%), and higher molecular-weight hydrocarbons (1%).
Although Coveney and others [Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 71, no, 1, p. 39–48, 1987] identified H2-rich gas in two wells located close to the Midcontinent Rift in eastern Kansas, this study indicates that high levels of
H2 may be a more widespread phenomenon than previously thought. Unlike previous results, the gases in this study have a significant
component of hydrocarbon gas, as well as H2, N2, and CO2. Although redox reactions between iron-bearing minerals and groundwater are a possible source of H2 in the Precambrian basement rocks, the hydrocarbon gas does not exhibit the characteristics typically associated with proposed
abiogenic hydrocarbon gases from Precambrian Shield sites in Canada, Finland, and South Africa. Compositional and isotopic
signatures for gas from the #1 Wilson well are consistent with a predominantly thermogenic origin, with possible mixing with
a component of microbial gas. Given the geologic history of uplift and rifting this region, and the major fracture systems
present in the basement, this hydrocarbon gas likely migrated from source rocks and reservoirs in the overlying Paleozoic
sediments and is not evidence for abiogenic hydrocarbons generated in situ in the Precambrian basement. 相似文献
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