Microtextures of authigenic Or-rich feldspar in the Upper Jurassic Humber Group, UK North Sea

ABSTRACT Detrital alkali feldspars currently at burial depths of 3·2–3·5 km in the Upper Jurassic Humber Group of the Fulmar oilfield, UK North Sea, are overgrown and have been partially replaced by authigenic Or‐rich feldspar. Intracrystal microtextures suggest several different provenances for the detrital grains. The overgrowths are uniformly non‐cathodoluminescent and have occasional celsian‐rich zones. Transmission electron microscopy shows that they are composed of a microporous mosaic of subµm‐ to µm‐sized sub‐grains associated with barite, illite and pyrite. The subgrains are somewhat rounded but have an approximate {110} Adularia habit and display a faint modulated microtexture on the nanometre scale. They have triclinic symmetry, but the lattice angles depart only slightly from monoclinic symmetry. These features are characteristic of K‐feldspar precipitated relatively rapidly and at low temperature. Authigenic Or‐rich feldspar has also partially replaced microcline and perthitic albite within the detrital grains, often at a suboptical scale. Although, like diagenetic albitization, replacement by K‐feldspar is probably a very common diagenetic reaction, it has rarely been reported owing to difficulties in imaging the diagnostic textures with the scanning electron microscopy techniques used by most workers. The permeability of the subgrain microtexture may significantly hinder the use of feldspar overgrowths for K/Ar and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating of diagenesis, and the existence of suboptical, replacive authigenic K‐feldspar within detrital grains may significantly modify the apparent Ar ages of detrital grains. Similar subgrain microtextures in optically featureless quartz overgrowths are also illustrated.     

Feldspar–fluid interactions in braid microperthites: pleated rims and vein microperthites

Braid microperthitic alkali feldspars in the Klokken, South Greenland and Coldwell, Ontario syenite intrusions have bulk-compositional variations along grain boundaries called pleated rims. These, together with vein microperthites in aplites which cross-cut the syenites, have been investigated by SEM and TEM. We distinguish two main types of pleated rims, “arched ” and “parallel-sided ”, consisting of alternating Ab- and Or-rich areas on (001), which are 0.5–300 μm in length normal to (010) and 0.2–20 μm in width along (010). The smallest pleats, which occur on intracrystalline boundaries in Klokken feldspars, are fully coherent and composed of low albite and low microcline. Above the heads of some of the coarser pleats, braid microperthite grades into a film crypto- and micro-perthite and antiperthite microtexture called a “transitional zone” containing roughly planar lamellae of low albite and tweed orthoclase. During pleat development, local alternating volumes form in which the proportions of the phases differ ( phase separation) and the morphology of the intergrowths changes from braided to straight in response to this change in local bulk composition. Straightening is also accompanied by transformation of low microcline to tweed orthoclase. The coarsest pleats, which occur along grain boundaries in feldspars from the Coldwell syenite, are semi- or in-coherent and have a thick coherent and semicoherent transitional zone. Coarsening of pleats and development of the transitional zone has been facilitated by diffusion of “water” into grain interiors. In many cases, pleated rims have suffered deuteric alteration, by dissolution–reprecipitation processes, through the action of a water-rich fluid from the grain boundary, in which tweed orthoclase was transformed into irregular microcline and micropores developed. Vein microperthites in aplites from Klokken, and by extension the vein microperthites almost universal in most alkali granites, are interpreted to have formed by propagation of pleat heads across entire crystals during pervasive interaction with water. Received: 10 June 1996 / Accepted: 12 December 1996     

After the exodus: Exploring migrant attitudes to documentation,brokerage and employment following the 2014 mass withdrawal of Cambodian workers from Thailand

This paper uses the exodus of Cambodian migrant workers from Thailand in June 2014 as a focal point around which to explore Cambodian migrant attitudes towards the systems of documentation and brokerage that influence their movement. From the perspective of Cambodian returnees and their families, it builds on recent work exploring narratives of brokerage by demonstrating how documentation itself — and by extension the legality of migration — is viewed through a contextual lens. Specifically, it argues that documentation is not only viewed according to the formal regulatory framework governing migration between the two countries, but forms part of a more complex structure of influences in which norms of employment and brokerage are equally prominent. From this position, the paper suggests that migrants did not only respond directly to threats of a crackdown by authorities following the 2014 coup, but were additionally influenced by the actions of employers and brokers, whose guarantees of protection — or otherwise — were seen as vitally important in their migration decisions.     

Value,Identity and Place: unearthing the emotional geographies of the extractive sector

The practice of natural resource extraction remains a key function of the global economy, and has been the subject of a considerable body of research, across multiple academic disciplines. Growing awareness of the economic, socio-cultural and ecological aspects of extractive practices (and their impacts) have also forced change in the way in which this research is conceptualised. Yet, despite conceptual shifts, a lack of engagement with the felt and emotive dimensions of the extractive sector remains striking. As a complex and highly contested industry, acknowledging emotion is crucial to breaking down problematic representations of the sector as a ‘rational’, ‘economic’ and emotionless space. This paper emphasises the need to engage and prioritise emotional and affective registers when thinking about, and representing, the extractive sector. Specifically, this paper explores the role of emotion in problematising approaches to the material across the sector, as well as in unsettling the often taken-for-granted and highly gendered workplace identities that characterise the sector. Finally, this paper will highlight the importance of validating emotion in legitimising important relationships to place that conflict with extractive practices. In essence, this paper calls for more emotionally attuned approaches to the extractive sector, in order to engage with its profoundly emotive dimensions and impacts.     

A large marine ecosystem governance framework

A large marine ecosystem (LME) governance framework, developed from a need to effectively address the sustainable management of the shared living marine resources of the Caribbean, is proposed. The framework is based on four propositions and focuses on a linked examination of two well-known components of LME-level governance: the policy cycle process by which decisions are made and the multi-level nature of LMEs. It accommodates the diversity of policy cycles at multiple levels and the linkages among them required for effective governance of LMEs. The framework takes into account of factors such as context, purpose, jurisdictional scale, capacity and complexity and provides a means to identify critical areas for intervention.     

Development Of A Strategy To Monitor Groundwater Quality On A National Scale South Africa

AbstractLittle is known about the spatial distribution of groundwater quality on a national scale in South Africa. The effective management of the country's groundwater resources is thus difficult, and a need exists for a national network for monitoring groundwater. A literature-based project was initiated with the aim of identifying practical strategies to be used in the establishment of the desired network. Prior to identifying possible strategies, a statement of monitoring-network objectives was developed. Cognisance was also taken of special constraints and considerations, such as responsibility and funding. Various approaches and strategies for establishing national or regional monitoring networks were evaluated, the most appropriate of which were proposed for use in the establishment of a South African network. The strategies included aspects such as information needs, available resources, monitoring frequencies, funding and the use of a pilot-scale study to initiate the netwotk. A responsible person and a review commitee should be appointed and be responsible for the establishment of the network. Some technical issues had to be considered owing to their impact on the strategies to be adopted. The employment of an empirical approach and a hierarchical approach to the development of the network were also considered essential. Work on the network has subsequently started, and many of the proposed strategies have been adopted. RÉSUMÉ: On connaît peu de choses en matière de distribution spatiale de la qualité de l'eau à l'échelle du pays en Afrique du Sud. La gestion efficace des ressources en eaux souterraines du pays est de ce fait difficile; aussi un réseau national de surveillance de la qualité des eaux souterraines est nécessaire. Un programme, s'appuyant sur une analyse documentaire, a été lancé dans le but d'identifier les stratégies pratiques à mettre en oeuvre pour créer ce réseau. Avant d'identifier les différentes stratégies, les objectifs d'un tel réseau de surveillance ont été définis. On a aussi pris en compte des contraintes particulières et des considerations telles que les responsabilités et le financement. Differéntes approches et stratégies pour établir un réseau national de surveillance ont été soumises à évaluation; les plus appropriées ont été proposées pour la création d'un réseau en Afrique du Sud. Les stratégies prennent en compte des aspects comme les besoins d'information, les ressources disponibles, les fréquences de surveillance, le financement et le recours à des études sur sites de réferénce pour lancer le réseau. Un responsable et une commission de contrôle doivent être nommés pour prendre en charge la mise en place de ce réseau. Certains choix techniques doivent être pris en considération quant à leur impact sur les stratégies à adopter. Le recours à une approche empirique et à une approche hiérarchique pour mettre en place ce réseau a aussi été considéré comme essentiel. Le travail sur le réseau a ainsi pu commencer, et la plupart des stratégies proposées ont été adoptées. RÉSUMÉ: Se tiene un conocimiento reducido acerca de la distribución espacial de la calidad de las aguas subterráneas a escala nacional en Sudáfrica. Debido a ello, la gestión efectiva de los recursos hidrogeológicos nacionales es difícil, y se hace necesaria una red nacional de muestreo. Se inició un proyecto bibliográfico con el propósito de identificar estrategias prácticas para el establecimiento de la citada red. Previo a la identificación de posibles estrategias, se planteó una declaración de objetivos de la red de muestreo. Se tuvieron en cuenta tambeén restricciones y consideraciones especiales tales como responsabilidad y financiación. Se evaluaron diversas estrategias para la puesta en marcha de redes nacionales o regionales, y se propusieron las más apropiadas para el establecimiento de una red sudafricana. Las estrategias incluían aspectos tales como información necesaria, recursos disponsibles, frecuencias de muestreo, financiación y el uso de un estudio a escala piloto para la puesta en marcha de la red. Una persona responsable y un comité de revisión deberían ser nombrados y responsabilizarse del establecimiento de dicha red. Algunos aspectos técnicos se consideraron dado su impacto potencial en las estrategias a adoptar. El empleo de un enfoque empírico y de un enfoque jerárquico para el desarrollo de la red se consideraron también esenciales. El trabajo en la red ya ha empezado y muchas de las estrategias propuestas han sido adoptadas.