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991.
Anton T. Kearsley Giles A. Graham Mark J. Burchell Michael J. Cole Zu Rong Dai Nicholas Teslich John P. Bradley Richard Chater Penelope A. Wozniakiewicz John Spratt Gary Jones 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2007,42(2):191-210
Abstract— The known encounter velocity (6.1 kms?1) and particle incidence angle (perpendicular) between the Stardust spacecraft and the dust emanating from the nucleus of comet Wild‐2 fall within a range that allows simulation in laboratory light‐gas gun (LGG) experiments designed to validate analytical methods for the interpretation of dust impacts on the aluminum foil components of the Stardust collector. Buckshot of a wide size, shape, and density range of mineral, glass, polymer, and metal grains, have been fired to impact perpendicularly on samples of Stardust Al 1100 foil, tightly wrapped onto aluminum alloy plate as an analogue of foil on the spacecraft collector. We have not yet been able to produce laboratory impacts by projectiles with weak and porous aggregate structure, as may occur in some cometary dust grains. In this report we present information on crater gross morphology and its dependence on particle size and density, the pre‐existing major‐ and trace‐element composition of the foil, geometrical issues for energy dispersive X‐ray analysis of the impact residues in scanning electron microscopes, and the modification of dust chemical composition during creation of impact craters as revealed by analytical transmission electron microscopy. Together, these observations help to underpin the interpretation of size, density, and composition for particles impacted on the Stardust aluminum foils. 相似文献
992.
Comparisons between snow water equivalent (SWE) and river discharge estimates are important in evaluating the SWE fields and to our understanding of linkages in the freshwater cycle. In this study, we compared SWE drawn from land surface models and remote sensing observations with measured river discharge (Q) across 179 Arctic river basins. Over the period 1988‐2000, basin‐averaged SWE prior to snowmelt explains a relatively small (yet statistically significant) fraction of interannual variability in spring (April–June) Q, as assessed using the coefficient of determination (R2). Averaged across all basins, mean R2s vary from 0·20 to 0·28, with the best agreement noted for SWE drawn from a simulation with the Pan‐Arctic Water Balance Model (PWBM) forced with data from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather‐Forecasts (ECMWF) Re‐analysis (ERA‐40). Variability and magnitude in SWE derived from Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) data are considerably lower than the variability and magnitude in SWE drawn from the land surface models, and generally poor agreement is noted between SSM/I SWE and spring Q. We find that the SWE versus Q comparisons are no better when alternate temporal integrations–using an estimate of the timing in basin thaw–are used to define pre‐melt SWE and spring Q. Thus, a majority of the variability in spring discharge must arise from factors other than basin snowpack water storage. This study demonstrates how SWE estimated from remote sensing observations, or general circulation models (GCMs), can be evaluated effectively using monthly discharge data or SWE from a hydrological model. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
993.
994.
995.
Coastal morphodynamics and Chenier-Plain evolution in southwestern Louisiana, USA: A geomorphic model 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Using 28 topographic profiles, air-photo interpretation, and historical shoreline-change data, coastal processes were evaluated along the Chenier Plain to explain the occurrence, distribution, and geomorphic hierarchy of primary landforms, and existing hypotheses regarding Chenier-Plain evolution were reconsidered. The Chenier Plain of SW Louisiana, classified as a low-profile, microtidal, storm-dominated coast, is located west and downdrift of the Mississippi River deltaic plain. This Late-Holocene, marginal-deltaic environment is 200 km long and up to 30 km wide, and is composed primarily of mud deposits capped by marsh interspersed with thin sand- and shell-rich ridges (“cheniers”) that have elevations of up to 4 m.In this study, the term “ridge” is used as a morphologic term for a narrow, linear or curvilinear topographic high that consists of sand and shelly material accumulated by waves and other physical coastal processes. Thus, most ridges in the Chenier Plain represent relict open-Gulf shorelines. On the basis of past movement trends of individual shorelines, ridges may be further classified as transgressive, regressive, or laterally accreted. Geomorphic zones that contain two or more regressive, transgressive, or laterally accreted ridges are termed complexes. Consequently, we further refine the Chenier-Plain definition by Otvos and Price [Otvos, E.G. and Price, W.A., 1979. Problems of chenier genesis and terminology—an overview. Marine Geology, 31: 251–263] and define Chenier Plain as containing at least two or more chenier complexes. Based on these definitions, a geomorphic hierarchy of landforms was refined relative to dominant process for the Louisiana Chenier Plain. The Chenier Plain is defined as a first-order feature (5000 km2) composed of three second-order features (30 to 300 km2): chenier complex, beach-ridge complex, and spit complex. Individual ridges of each complex type were further separated into third-order features: chenier, beach ridge, and spit.To understand the long-term evolution of a coastal depositional system, primary process–response mechanisms and patterns found along the modern Chenier-Plain coast were first identified, especially tidal-inlet processes associated with the Sabine, Calcasieu, and Mermentau Rivers. Tidal prism (Ω) and quantity of littoral transport (Mtotal) are the most important factors controlling inlet stability. Greater discharge and/or tidal prism increase the ability of river and estuarine systems to interrupt longshore sediment transport, maintain and naturally stabilize tidal entrances, and promote updrift deposition. Thus, prior to human modification and stabilization efforts, the Mermentau River entrance would be classified as wave-dominated, Sabine Pass as tide-dominated, and Calcasieu Pass as tide-dominated to occasionally mixed.Hoyt [Hoyt, J.H., 1969. Chenier versus barrier, genetic and stratigraphic distinction. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull., 53: 299–306] presented the first detailed depositional model for chenier genesis and mudflat progradation, which he attributed to changes in Mississippi River flow direction (i.e., delta switching) caused by upstream channel avulsion. However, Hoyt's model oversimplifies Chenier-Plain evolution because it omits ridges created by other means. Thus, the geologic evolution of the Chenier Plain is more complicated than channel avulsions of the Mississippi River, and it involved not only chenier ridges (i.e., transgressive), but also ridges that are genetically tied to regression (beach ridges) and lateral accretion (recurved spits).A six-stage geomorphic process-response model was developed to describe Chenier-Plain evolution primarily as a function of: (i) the balance between sediment supply and energy dissipation associated with Mississippi River channel avulsions, (ii) local sediment reworking and lateral transport, (iii) tidal-entrance dynamics, and (iv) possibly higher-than-present stands of Holocene sea level. Consequently, the geneses of three different ridge types (transgressive, regressive, and laterally accreted) typically occur contemporaneously along the same shoreline at different locations. 相似文献
996.
997.
Guilherme A. R. Gualda Mark S. Ghiorso 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2007,154(4):479-490
The fate of pre-eruptive bubbles depends largely on their buoyancy, which can be strongly modified by the presence of crystals
attached to the bubble–melt interface. We define the attachment energy and attachment force as those resulting from the attachment
of a crystal to a bubble. The attachment energy is such that (1) attachment of crystals to bubbles is always favored energetically,
and (2) oxide minerals attach to bubbles much more strongly than silicates, because the attachment energy is a strong function
of the wetting angle. Attaching crystals to bubbles can cause bubble–crystal pairs to become neutrally buoyant. There is a
critical bubble radius below which the attachment force will be strong enough to keep the pair together; we show that crystals
as large as 1 mm in diameter can form neutrally buoyant pairs. For early erupted Bishop magma, if all magnetite forms neutrally
buoyant pairs with gas bubbles, ca. 0.1–0.2 vol% gas can be stored in the magma; 2–3 vol% of gas can be accounted for if all
minerals form neutrally buoyant aggregates. These values are an order of magnitude lower than what is inferred from melt inclusions.
Hence, both magnetite-free and magnetite-rich bubbles might have existed, but only a very small fraction of them could have
been neutrally buoyant. Importantly, an intrinsic association between magnetite crystals and bubbles is expected. However,
most magnetite crystals in the early erupted Bishop are free of bubbles; the puzzling conclusion is that nucleation away from
crystals is favored over heterogeneous nucleation on crystal substrates.
Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
998.
Sandra G. Catane Hillel B. Cabria Cristituto P. Tomarong Jr Ricarido M. Saturay Jr Mark Albert H. Zarco Winston C. Pioquinto 《Landslides》2007,4(1):85-90
On 17 February 2006, a rockslide-debris avalanche cascaded down the steep slope of Mt. Can-abag, burying the entire village
of Guinsaugon in St. Bernard, Southern Leyte, Philippines. Casualties include 139 dead with 980 still missing and presumed
dead, making it perhaps the most catastrophic landslide in Philippine history. The landslide started at the ridge top along
a fault plane associated with the active Philippine Fault Zone. It started as a block slide that transformed into an avalanche.
The entire event lasted for only a few minutes. Estimated maximum landslide velocity is 120–130 m/s. The landslide left behind
a deep, wedge-shaped scarp. The central part of the deposit exhibits a hummocky topography typical of avalanches, in contrast
to the flatter surface of the debris-flow-type marginal deposit. High amounts of soil in the matrix were derived from the
scouring of ancient landslide deposits and rice fields in the valley. The landslide has a total area of 3.2 km2 and a runout distance of 4.1 km. Estimated volume of debris is approximately 20 Mm3. At least four streams were dammed by the landslide debris. Intense precipitation and earthquakes preceding the landslide
are the potential triggers. Preliminary back analyses assuming a planar and wedge slip surface yielded very low factors of
safety even under dry conditions. A more rigorous analysis of the failure mechanism of the landslide is needed. 相似文献
999.
Mark P. S. Krekeler Pete Probst Misha Samsonov Cynthia M. Tselepis William Bates Lance E. Kearns J. Barry Maynard 《Environmental Geology》2007,53(4):709-726
Subsurface flow constructed wetlands in the village of Akumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico were surveyed to determine the general
status of the wetland systems and provide baseline information for long term monitoring and further study. Twenty subsurface
flow wetlands were surveyed and common problems observed in the systems were overloading, poor plant cover, odor, and no secondary
containment. Bulk mineral composition of aggregate from two subsurface flow constructed wetlands was determined to consist
solely of calcite using bulk powder X-ray diffraction. Some soil structure is developed in the aggregate and aggregate levels
in wetlands drop at an estimated rate between 3 and 10 cm/year for overloaded wetlands owing to dissolution. Mineral composition
from fresh aggregate samples commonly is a mixture of calcite and aragonite. Trace amounts of Pb, Zn, Co, and Cr were observed
in fresh aggregate. Coefficients of permeability (k) varied from 0.006 to 0.027 cm/s with an average values being 0.016 cm/s. Grain size analysis of fresh aggregate samples
indicates there are unimodal and multimodal size distributions in the samples with modes in the coarse and fine sand being
common. Investigations of other geologic media from the Reforma region indicate that a dolomite with minor amounts of Fe-oxide
and palygorskite is abundant and may be a better aggregate source that the current materials used. A Ca-montmorillonite bed
was identified in the Reforma region as well and this unit is suitable to serve as a clay liner to prevent leaks for new and
existing wetland systems. These newly discovered geologic resources should aid in the improvement of subsurface flow constructed
wetlands in the region. Although problems do exist in these wetlands with respect to design, these systems represent a successful
implementation of constructed wetlands at a community level in developing regions. 相似文献
1000.
In the lower delta of the Paraná River, at the head of the Río de la Plata estuary (Argentina), we compared net aboveground
primary production (NAPP) and soil properties of the dominant macrophyteScirpus giganteus (Kunth) in a floating and an attached marsh community. Both marshes are tidally influenced but in different ways. The floating
marsh site is relatively isolated from tidal influences because its ability to float makes it resistant to overland flow and
to sediment inputs from the estuary. The attached marsh lacks the capacity to float and receives sediment supplies from the
estuary through overland flow. These hydrologic differences are reflected in lower mineral content in sediments of the floating
marsh. Using a leaf tagging technique, estimated NAPP was 1,109 ± 206 g m−2 yr−1 for the floating marsh and 1,866 ±258 g m−2 yr−1 for the attached marsh. We attribute the lower NAPP of the floating marsh to isolation from sediment input from overland
flow. 相似文献