铀储层结构与成矿流场研究:揭示东胜砂岩型铀矿床成矿机理的一把钥匙

以鄂尔多斯盆地北部的砂岩型铀矿为目标,在铀储层形成发育的沉积学背景研究基础上,重点通过砂分散体系、沉积物粒度、隔挡层厚度和孔隙度的定量分析,精细地刻画了直罗组铀储层的外部几何形态和内部复杂结构,充分展示了铀储层的定量非均质性。依据盆地构造充填演化阶段、铀成矿年代学和地学空间信息三维可视化平台,分别对5个演化阶段的古地貌进行了恢复,并对不同演化时期的铀储层空间位置给予了准确定位,从而揭示了直罗组铀储层从沉积到接受铀成矿再到铀矿被改造期间的空间形态演化历史。在盆地构造充填演化研究、古地貌恢复和铀储层定量非均质性分析的基础上,重建了5个不同时期古地下水系统结构和参数的空间变化面貌,并运用地下水数值模拟方法再现了研究区5个演化阶段成矿古流场的特征及其演化规律。综合分析认为,铀储层的空间演变和内部非均质性制约了成矿流场的基本格局,成矿流场又无疑控制着层间氧化带的发育和铀成矿。当铀储层形成期的古水流方向与主成矿期地下水流场方向总体一致时有利于铀成矿,而当两者流向垂直时则成矿效率降低。     

地质空间认知与多维动态建模结构研究

地质空间建模本质上是通过有限的地质空间数据,重构地质空间对象和格局,以恢复或模拟特定地质空间相关特征供人感知的过程和工具。从空间认识的角度分析讨论了地质空间的本质特征,提出了三维地质建模的5个技术层次结构、对应的模型层次划分和三维地质建模生命周期。实际应用表明,该体系结构能够有效支持地上地下一体化三维地质建模。这将有助于多维地质空间建模理论体系的建立与完善。     

Bombs behaving badly: unexpected trajectories and cooling of volcanic projectiles

We collected thermal infrared video of two explosive eruptions at Stromboli in June 2008 and manually traced the trajectories of 95 particles launched during two eruptions. We found that 10–15?% of the analyzed trajectories deviated from predicted curves due to collisions, causing one particle to travel horizontally more than twice as far as expected. Furthermore, we observed an oscillatory cooling behavior for the airborne pyroclasts, with a median period of 0.46?s. Measured cooling was typically much faster than model-predicted cooling with discrepancies of up to 40?% between measured cooling and theoretical modeling. We interpret the measured cooling curves as resulting from the spinning and twisting and tearing of particles during travel: the periodic re-exposing of the hotter core of the pyroclasts to the atmosphere may cause the observed oscillations, and the spinning may accelerate cooling by enhancing convective heat transfer. Current volcanic trajectory and cooling models do not account for projectile collisions, spinning, or tearing and can thus severely underestimate the maximum landing distance and cooling rates of large pyroclasts.     

Fishing‐induced evolution of growth: concepts,mechanisms and the empirical evidence

The interest in fishing‐induced life‐history evolution has been growing in the last decade, in part because of the increasing number of studies suggesting evolutionary changes in life‐history traits, and the potential ecological and economic consequences these changes may have. Among the traits that could evolve in response to fishing, growth has lately received attention. However, critical reading of the literature on growth evolution in fish reveals conceptual confusion about the nature of ‘growth’ itself as an evolving trait, and about the different ways fishing can affect growth and size‐at‐age of fish, both on ecological and on evolutionary time‐scales. It is important to separate the advantages of being big and the costs of growing to a large size, particularly when studying life‐history evolution. In this review, we explore the selection pressures on growth and the resultant evolution of growth from a mechanistic viewpoint. We define important concepts and outline the processes that must be accounted for before observed phenotypic changes can be ascribed to growth evolution. When listing traits that could be traded‐off with growth rate, we group the mechanisms into those affecting resource acquisition and those governing resource allocation. We summarize potential effects of fishing on traits related to growth and discuss methods for detecting evolution of growth. We also challenge the prevailing expectation that fishing‐induced evolution should always lead to slower growth.     

The thickness and structural characteristics of the crust across Tibetan plateau from active-sources seismic profiles

The Tibetan plateau as one of the youngest orogen on the Earth was considered as the result of continent-continent collision between the Eurasian and Indian plates.The thickness and structure of the crust beneath Tibetan plateau is essential to understand deformation behavior of the plateau.Active-source seismic profiling is most available geo-physical method for imaging the structure of the continental crust.The results from more than 25 active-sources seismic profiles carried out in the past twenty years ...     

Impact of pond aquaculture effluents on seagrass performance in NE Hainan,tropical China

The impact of pond aquaculture effluents on the distribution and performance of seagrasses was examined in NE Hainan, tropical China. Samples were taken along transects in three back-reef areas with different extent of aquaculture production in their hinterland. High δ¹⁵N in seagrass leaves and epiphytes (6–9‰) similar to values in pond effluents documented aquaculture as dominant nitrogen source in the back-reefs with decreasing impact with distance from shore. Seagrass species abundance, shoot density and biomass were lower and concentrations of nutrients, chlorophyll and suspended matter were higher at nearshore sites with high and moderate pond abundance than at the control site. High epiphyte loads and low δ³⁴S in seagrass leaves suggest temporal shading and sulphide poisoning of the nearshore seagrasses. Observed gradients in environmental parameters and seagrass performance indicate that the distance from the pond outlets and size of the adjacent pond agglomeration are major determinants of seagrass degradation.     

Petroleum source rock evaluation of the Alum and Dictyonema Shales (Upper Cambrian–Lower Ordovician) in the Baltic Basin and Podlasie Depression (eastern Poland)

International Journal of Earth Sciences - We present geochemical characteristics of the Lower Palaeozoic shales deposited in the Baltic Basin and Podlasie Depression. In the study area, this strata...     

The optimization of the antibiotics extraction from wastewaters and manure using Box–Behnken experimental design

The aim of this study was to optimize the solid-phase extraction method of several antibiotics in order to determine their concentration in wastewater (influent and effluent) and manure samples. The selected antibiotics for the present study were ampicillin, ceftazidime, cefepime, imipenem, piperacillin/tazobactam, tetracycline, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, vancomycin, gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. The optimum extraction conditions were established using a three- and four-factor Box–Behnken design under response surface methodology. The extraction of the antibiotics from liquid matrices was performed on several types of cartridges (Oasis HLB, Strata-X and HyperSep Retain PEP). With Oasis HLB cartridges were obtained the best recovery degrees (74.81 and 105.39% with the exception of tazobactam 58.70% and gentamicin 51.57%). This type of cartridges was further used for all of the samples collected for this study. In the case of the manure samples were tested two different extraction techniques: ultrasounds- and microwave-assisted solvent extraction, the first one being the most efficient. All the extractions obtained during the present study were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography with two detectors, diode array and mass spectrometer in positive ionization mode.     

People’s perception and socioeconomic determinants of soil erosion:A case study of Samanalawewa watershed,Sri Lanka

Though soil erosion is an important concern in Sri Lanka, there is a dearth of baseline information on soil erosion in many ofits watersheds, which obstructs monitoring of soil erosion and mitigating its effects. In order to assess soil erosion in a critical watershed and to identify its determinants, the Samanalawewa watershed, which contains one of the main hydropower generating reservoirs in Sri Lanka, was selected for this study. Remote-sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) based modeling...