胶东夏甸金矿成矿期闪长玢岩脉锆石U-Pb年代学研究

山东夏甸金矿区内深源中—基性脉岩发育,其中以闪长玢岩与矿体间时空关系最为密切,被认为是幔源流体成矿最重要的判别标志。笔者通过对夏甸金矿两个不同中段内成矿期闪长玢岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究,获得了4组较为一致的年龄,它们较为完整地保留了这一期中—基性岩浆活动留下的地质记录。这4组年龄分别为:①五台期:华北地区微陆块拼合,发生大规模岩浆作用,形成华北克拉通基底雏形;②印支期:华南与华北两大板块碰撞拼合,苏鲁—大别造山带出现,区内发生大规模变质作用;③燕山早期:受太平洋板块俯冲影响,太古宙绿岩体发生强烈改造,形成大面积重熔型花岗岩;④燕山晚期:成岩成矿期。     

玉米秸秆还田和有机配施提高黑土酸中和容量

长期施用化肥导致农田黑土酸化、盐基离子耗竭、养分失衡及作物重金属污染等诸多问题。本文依托吉林公主岭国家黑土肥效监测基地25 a的施肥试验,研究了不施肥对照（C）、N、NP、NK、PK、NPK、厩肥—化肥配施（MNPK）、玉米秸秆还田（SNPK）等8个施肥处理对土壤酸中和容量（ANC）的影响,N、P、K施用量分别为165 kg hm^-2 a^-1、36 kg hm^-2 a^-1、68.5 kg hm^-2 a^-1,MNPK和SNPK处理与NPK处理为等N量。结果表明,施化肥导致表土pH下降0.37~1.39,MNPK和SNPK处理分别提高土壤pH值0.21和0.53。以pH 5.0为参比,N、NP、NK、PK、NPK各处理的酸中和容量ANC_{pH 5.0}分别为对照的42.85%、61.79%、54.05%、82.26%、63.68%;MNPK处理的ANC_{pH 5.0}是对照的1.86倍;加酸160 mmol kg^-1,SNPK处理的土壤pH值仅从7.65降至6.42,表现出极强的酸中和能力。SNPK和MNPK处理的土壤交换性盐基总量SEB分别是对照的1.37和1.14倍,土壤有机质SOM分别是对照的1.32和1.63倍,二者是提高土壤ANC主要原因。总之,有机物料添加显著提高了黑土抗酸化性能及土壤基础肥力水平,研究结果可为东北黑土区玉米秸秆还田保护性耕作及有机肥部分替代化肥实践提供长期试验的理论依据和数据支撑。     

Effects of different operational modes on the flood‐induced turbidity current of a canyon‐shaped reservoir: case study on Liuxihe Reservoir,South China

Suspended matter is an important indicator of water quality in freshwater systems. The flood‐induced turbidity current plays a dominant role in the seasonal dynamic of suspended matter in the Liuxihe Reservoir (23°45′50″N; 113°46′52″E), a large, stratified reservoir at the Tropic of Cancer in southern China. Field measurements show that loading and distribution of suspended matter in the reservoir differ in typical wet, dry and medium years, as a result of different discharge volumes and water level variation patterns. Using historical data and the practical demand for water supply and flood control, we generalized two feasible reservoir operational modes: flood impounding mode (drawing down the reservoir to a low level before flood events to impound inflow during the flooding season) and moderate level change mode (drawing down the reservoir to a moderate level before flood events, then keeping the level within the flood control level during runoff events). To examine the effects of different operational modes and outlet depths on the reservoir's flood‐induced turbidity current, a numerical simulation model was applied in three types of hydrological conditions. The results show that the mode with moderate drawdown and recharge processes can decrease loading of suspended matter in spring and promote turbidity current release during flood events, and upper withdrawal can improve the effects of turbid water release. We suggest that more attention should be focused on water quality management in the reservoir operation stage, severe artificial water level fluctuation being avoided and selective withdrawal becoming an optional management measure. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于ArcGIS Engine的城市基础地理信息数据库系统开发研究

城市1∶500基础地理信息数据具有数据量大、要素复杂、应用服务面广的特点,因而城市1∶500数据库系统的建设面临着空间数据库的选择和设计、空间数据的组织和表现以及不同平台用户共享访问的难点问题。本文利用Oracle Spatial数据库技术实现了海量数据的存储和管理,研究了空间数据在Oracle数据库中的互操作以及空间数据的符号化表示问题,解决了跨平台用户的共享访问问题,介绍了基于ArcGIS Engine的城市基础地理信息数据库系统的研发应用,阐述了系统的体系结构和系统的基本功能,并简要介绍了ArcGIS Engine技术及其在系统中的应用。     

中深层套管式换热器可持续供热性能及优化设计研究

中深层套管式换热器的热提取具有“取热不取水”的特点,是我国北方地区稳妥推进中深层地热能供暖的重要技术之一。针对当前中深层套管式换热器在长期热提取期间供热性能不明的问题,本文基于可持续供热的运行特点,建立数值换热模型分析换热器水温、性能系数随运行年份的变化规律,并针对性地开展设计优化研究。结果表明:在可持续供热过程中,换热器水温在前5年的下降程度较为明显,运行至20年以后,基本不发生变化。换热器季节性能系数的下降程度受岩土体导热系数的影响较大,在1.5 W/(m·K)条件下的SPF₁、SPF₂分别下降11.50%和10.56%,在3.0 W/(m·K)条件下的SPF₁、SPF₂则分别下降4.73%和4.23%。岩土体导热系数越小,换热器供热性能的下降程度越明显。基于可持续供热性能的变化规律,提出以“准稳态特征年”的供热性能为基准进行设计,并综合考虑运行要求与节能性要求优化换热器的运行条件,明确了在不同地热特征参数、埋管深度下的最优运行流速与最佳供热负荷的分布情况,对中深层套管式换热器的高效可持续供热设...     

Integrating hydrochemical and microbial methods to identify hydraulic connections between three saltworks in southern Laizhou Bay,China

Exploring hydraulic connections between brine mining wells is of great significance to the development of geological resources; however, there are still challenges to accurately identifying these connections. In this study, a combination of hydrochemical and biological analyses was used to investigate the hydraulic connections between three saltworks (Yangkou, Hanting, and Changyi) in southern Laizhou Bay, China. The results showed that the groundwater recharge sources at Yangkou saltworks, and therefore the associated salts and hydrochemical composition of the brine, were different from those of the other two saltworks. The diversity and composition of the microbial community among the three saltworks were identified based on a high-throughput DNA sequencing method. The brines of Hanting and Changyi saltworks had greater similarity in terms of microbial diversity and composition, which was consistent with the hydrochemical results. Based on microbial analysis combined with hydrochemistry, the depths of the mining wells at Hanting saltworks were identified, along with the hydraulic connection with Changyi saltworks. As a tool to judge the hydraulic connections of geological reservoirs, microbial analysis combined with hydrochemistry may be applicable to a wider range of subsurface resources, such as oil and gas, which will provide new ideas for the rational development of underground resources.

     

区域地下水污染综合评价研究现状与建议

区域地下水污染综合评价研究是一项总结区域地下水水质特征、评估地下水水质和污染状况、分析其驱动机制、研判其演化趋势的重要基础性工作,也是地下水污染防控以及水质改善的重要依据。受水文地质领域一些传统概念、观念以及技术方法的限制,在水质综合评价、污染评价、天然劣质水与污染的区分、人类活动影响等方面存在诸多问题和挑战,认知的科学性和可靠性不断受到质疑,给政府管理部门的应用和决策带来困惑。本研究通过梳理分析近年来区域地下水污染综合评价的研究现状,回顾总结了在水质综合评价、背景值、污染评价、劣质水和劣变水评估以及人类活动识别等方面存在的问题,提出了几点认识和建议:(1)“指标分类评价-组合表达”的水质及污染综合评价思路,可为解决现阶段水质及污染综合评估容易造成歧义和误导的问题提供新的方向;(2)视背景值的建立不仅能够解决传统概念背景值无法获取的问题,还能有效进行污染判定、劣质水和劣变水评估以及人类活动识别,是一项亟待全面开展的基础性工作;(3)劣质水和劣变水概念及评价思路的提出,对区分天然劣质水和污染水具有借鉴意义,在科学回答这两类水对我国地下水水质的影响、帮助决策者理解水质不安全成因等方面有重要意义,但是方法学方面需要进一步探讨;(4)对人类活动影响的识别和量化,进一步推动了对输入型污染、诱导型水质恶化以及水化学场变化所引起的各种水质问题的认识,进而对判断水质演化趋势、污染防控、分类解决水质问题具有重要的意义。     

深海海底边界层原位观测系统研发与应用

为进一步研究南海北部陆坡海洋动力过程对深海海底边界层的影响,研发了“深海海底边界层原位观测系统(In-situ Observation System for Bottom Boundary Layer in Abyssal Sea)”,ABBLOS。观测系统主体为坐底式深海运载平台,最大工作水深可达6 700 m(实际工作水深取决于搭载设备的耐压水深),是研究深海海底边界层问题的重要技术创新。观测平台由上下两部分框架结构组成,上部框架用于搭载和回收观测设备,下部支撑架为配重,并且用于提供距离海底1 m的观测空间;同时创新性地设计了“卡槽定位-螺栓紧固”的连接方式连接上下两部分,连接方式简单可靠,保证了平台回收成功率。ABBLOS集成了75 k-ADCP、高频ADCP、ADV、高精度压力计、海底摄像机等设备,以及甲烷、温盐深、浊度、溶解氧、氧化还原电位等传感器,首次实现了内波、中尺度涡等海洋动力过程与海底边界层物理化学参数的动态变化同步观测,特别是可以观测距离海底1 m高度范围的水体流速剖面,并且达到7 mm一层的垂向空间分辨率。研制完成后,2020年在南海北部陆坡神狐海域655 m和1 405 m水深处分别成功布放并回收,观测时间共计34天,采集到观测站位上覆海水的流速剖面结构,捕捉到了平均周期为1天1次的内波作用过程,以及海底边界层的多种物理化学参数。初步分析655 m水深处的观测数据后,发现深海海底边界层的温度、压力、溶解氧、密度和盐度等参数受控于海洋潮汐过程,尤其是温度和压力的变化基本与潮汐周期同步。海底边界层氧化环境较为稳定,甲烷浓度由高变低,但是基本在海洋溶解甲烷平均浓度范围内。与潮汐相比,内孤立波对深海海底边界层水体的影响程度较小,但是明显可以引起沉积物的再悬浮,引起的海底边界层的海水浊度从背景值的0.01 NTU增大到48 NTU,海底摄像机也记录到了内孤立波期间深海底层海水突然变浑浊的过程,说明南海内孤立波可以影响海底沉积物的输运。