Seismic wave propagation analysis in vertical arrays at Kashiwazaki–Kariwa nuclear power plant site by using modified normalized input–output minimization (mod‐NIOM) method

A new approach on numerical modeling of wave propagation is introduced and is used to analyze the effect of earthquake magnitudes (ground motion amplitudes) on wave propagation. In this method, the sum of the maximum amplitudes of the first output model at time 0 s and rest of the output models at different times are normalized to unity. Considering this as a constraint, the sum of the weighted‐squared Fourier amplitudes is minimized by using the Lagrange multiplier method. The proposed method can reveal the relationship of actual time histories by showing simple clear peaks. This method is used to analyze the time histories of various earthquake events at different vertical array sites of the Kashiwazaki–Kariwa nuclear power plant of Tokyo electric power company (TEPCO). The wave arrival times obtained from this method and down‐hole measurements are compared. The results show increase in the arrival times at surface layer when the magnitude of earthquake is large. The results reveal that the amplitudes of small magnitude earthquakes at depths are small and are largely amplified at surface, whereas in case of large magnitude earthquakes, the amplitudes are large at depths and are deamplified at surface reflecting the effects of the strain‐dependent soil properties that result in non‐linear site response to strong shaking. The results also show that the reflected peak amplitudes are higher for small magnitude earthquakes than for large magnitude earthquakes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同气候带银杏叶角质层微观特征变化及其古气候意义

以广西桂林、安徽合肥及辽宁沈阳等三地的银杏材料为基础,通过对叶片及叶柄微观形态特征的对比研究,探讨银杏对不同气候带气候条件的响应。结果显示部分微观特征随气候带的变化而发生较为明显的变化。其中,气孔器长度和保卫细胞长宽比随纬度增加而减小,垂周壁宽度、普通表皮细胞长宽比及保卫细胞宽度随纬度增加有不同程度的增大。这些特征与其所生长环境中的湿度和降水因素可能有较大关系,并为地史时期银杏化石的相关古气候研究提供参考资料。     

Optimization of operational parameters for ethanol production from Korean food waste leachate

Recently, research on the production of ethanol from waste has been accelerating for both ecological and economical reasons, primarily for its use as an alternative to petroleum based fuels. In this study, response surface methodology based 2³ -full factorial central composite design was employed to optimize the parameters of ethanol production from Korean food waste leachate. The reducing sugar concentration of the food waste leachate determined by the dinitrosalicylic acid method was 75 g/L. A second order polynomial model was developed to evaluate the quantitative effects of temperature, pH and reducing sugar concentration in order to find an optimum condition for the ethanol production from food waste leachate. From the experimental result, maximum ethanol concentration of 24.17 g/L was obtained at the optimum condition of temperature (38 °C), pH (5.45) and reducing sugar concentration (75 g/L). The experimental value (24.17 g/L) agreed very well with the predicted one (23.66 g/L), indicating the suitability of the model employed and the success of response surface methodology in optimizing the conditions of ethanol production from food waste leachate. Canonical analysis indicated that the stationary point was a saddle point for the ethanol yield. Despite being a waste, an ethanol yield of 0.32 g ethanol/g reducing sugar demonstrated the potential of food waste leachate as a promising biomass resource for the production of ethanol.     

地下水深埋区咸水灌溉对土壤盐渍化影响的初步研究——以民勤绿洲为例

 针对民勤绿洲近几十年来大量开采地下水造成地下水位急剧下降,同时大规模开采地下劣质咸水用于农业灌溉的现状,采用咸水沟灌大田试验,就绿洲地下水深埋区（＞5 m）咸水灌溉对土壤盐渍化的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在地下水深埋区,灌溉水带入的盐分是土壤表层盐分积累的主要来源;播种前大定额淡水灌溉,土壤明显脱盐,但随着生长季内咸水灌溉及灌溉定额的减少,土壤开始返盐,到生长季末,根区土壤显著积盐,2 g·L-1和5 g·L-1咸水灌溉下土壤的积盐率分别为22.67%和35.30%;高垄覆膜种植方式下,膜上沟灌对沟下土壤盐分淋洗明显,但是在行间非覆膜区盐分强烈聚集;咸水灌溉导致根区土壤pH值升高,碱化度增大,绿洲土壤存在着明显的碱化趋势。     

雷达风廓线反演在云南强降水预报中的应用

利用VAD(Velocity Azimuth Display)方法反演多普勒雷达垂直风廓线,并将反演风场应用于云南强降水过程的诊断预报。通过反演风廓线资料与探空实况、NCEP再分析资料的对比分析,发现VAD方法反演的风廓线与实况资料具有较好的一致性,表明该方法在云南是可行的;通过反演风廓线资料可以较为精细地监测和分析大气垂直方向上水平风场的不连续性,由此得到低空切变、温度平流和低空急流等系统的厚度和强度演变特征。相对于时、空分辨率不足的常规探空资料,雷达反演风廓线具有较高的时间和垂直分辨率,能够更为详细地揭示强降水天气过程中起重要作用的天气系统的主要特征和演变过程。因此,VAD风廓线产品对云南强降水天气过程的预报具有较好的参考价值和应用前景。     

地形对昆明准静止锋影响的数值模拟研究

利用2008年1月NCEP/NCAR全球1°×1°再分析资料和MM5中尺度数值模拟结果,分析研究了昆明准静止锋的结构和位置.结果表明:在中国南方地区持续、频繁受冷空气影响下,昆明准静止锋的形成和维持是高原地形的阻挡和特定天气系统配置共同作用的结果;通过对地形减半的敏感性数值试验,定量分析得到高原地形阻挡作用是昆明准静止锋形成和维持的必要条件.     

坡面植被对坡面径流和入渗的影响

通过人工模拟降雨和自然降雨试验,本文讨论了植被对雨水的截留和分流作用,以及坡面植被对水流入渗的影响。     

GIS支持的澜沧江下游区泥石流爆发危险性评价

澜疮江下游区是我国泥石流灾害相对频发的地区之一，在分析泥石流形成发育影响因素的基础上，指出澜沧江下游区泥石流的爆发主要受沟道坡度，植被覆盖度／土地利用和降水等环境因素影响，据此，构建了泥石流爆发危险性评价数据库，知识库和危险性评价数字环境模型，在ARC／INFO，GIS的支持下，提取了坡度，植被盖度和降雨量等主要泥石流危险性评价指标。依据知识库对各类因子进行了分级和赋权，对澜沧江下游区泥石流爆发危险性进行了区划。     

新疆耕地资源卫星遥感调查数据分析研究

依据卫星遥感调查结果。分析新疆耕地资源类型（包括现耕地和后备宜耕地类型）的数量、质量、分布组合特点以及中低产田产生的原因及其后备宜耕荒地的限制因素，提出新疆耕地资源合理开发利用与中低产田治理的总体构思与设想。