Evolution of the obliquities of the giant planets in encounters during migration

Tsiganis et al. [Tsiganis, K., Gomes, R., Morbidelli, A., Levison, H.F., 2005. Nature 435, 459-461] have proposed that the current orbital architecture of the outer Solar System could have been established if it was initially compact and Jupiter and Saturn crossed the 2:1 orbital resonance by divergent migration. The crossing led to close encounters among the giant planets, but the orbital eccentricities and inclinations were damped to their current values by interactions with planetesimals. Brunini [Brunini, A., 2006. Nature 440, 1163-1165] has presented widely publicized numerical results showing that the close encounters led to the current obliquities of the giant planets. We present a simple analytic argument which shows that the change in the spin direction of a planet relative to an inertial frame during an encounter between the planets is very small and that the change in the obliquity (which is measured from the orbit normal) is due to the change in the orbital inclination. Since the inclinations are damped by planetesimal interactions on timescales much shorter than the timescales on which the spins precess due to the torques from the Sun, especially for Uranus and Neptune, the obliquities should return to small values if they are small before the encounters. We have performed simulations using the symplectic integrator SyMBA, modified to include spin evolution due to the torques from the Sun and mutual planetary interactions. Our numerical results are consistent with the analytic argument for no significant remnant obliquities.     

Observations of Martian layered ejecta craters and constraints on their formation mechanisms

The formation mechanism of layered ejecta craters on Mars has remained a topic of intense debate since their discovery. In this study, we perform a global morphological analysis of Martian layered ejecta craters using Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) images and Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data. The study focuses on the ejecta morphologies and well‐defined distal rampart characteristics associated with 9945 layered ejecta craters with a diameter greater than 1.5 km distributed across the entire Martian surface. Data analysis based on the new database provides new information on the distribution and morphological details of the three major layered ejecta morphologies (single layer ejecta [SLE], double layer ejecta [DLE], and multiple layer ejecta [MLE]). Global analysis is applied to the latitudinal distribution of characteristic parameters, including the ejecta mobility, lobateness values, and onset diameter. Our survey of the distribution and characteristics of layered ejecta craters reveals that strong correlations exist between ejecta mobility and latitude, and there is a latitudinal dependence of onset diameter. Our study of Martian layered ejecta craters provides more detailed information and insights of a connection between the layered ejecta morphologies and the subsurface volatiles.     

精密单点定位技术在GPS辅助航空摄影中的应用研究

简单介绍了精密单点定位技术,并进行基于精密单点定位的GPS辅助空中三角测量试验,分析并比较了空中三角测量方法的加密精度,得出了基于精密单点定位的GPS辅助摄影进行大比例尺航测成图时新的像控布点、像控测量以及GPS辅助空中三角测量加密的方法。     

GIS based landslide susceptibility mapping using a fuzzy logic approach: A case study from Ghurmi-Dhad Khola area, Eastern Nepal

Landslides cause extensive loss of life and property in the Nepal Himalaya. Since the late 1980s, different mathematical models have been developed and applied for landslide susceptibility mapping and hazard assessment in Nepal. The main goal of this paper is to apply fuzzy logic to landslide susceptibility mapping in the Ghurmi-Dhad Khola area, Eastern Nepal. Seven causative factors are considered: slope angle, slope aspect, distance from drainage, land use, geology, distance from faults and folds, soil and rock type. Likelihood ratios are obtained for each class of causative factors by comparison with past landslide occurrences. The ratios are normalized between zero and one to obtain fuzzy membership values. Further, different fuzzy operators are applied to generate landslide susceptibility maps. Comparison with the landslide inventory map reveals that the fuzzy gamma operator with a γ-value of 0.60 yields the best prediction accuracy. Consequently, this operator is used to produce the final landslide susceptibility zonation map.     

三塘湖盆地火山岩油藏特征与成藏过程分析

三塘湖盆地属西部典型的改造型叠合盆地,火山岩油气藏主要分布于石炭系、二叠系火山岩中。本文结合盆地构造演化史与生烃史,分析了三塘湖盆地石炭-二叠纪火山岩油气藏形成的动态过程。火山岩油气藏主要形成于二叠纪末-三叠纪海西印支期和侏罗纪末-白垩纪末期的燕山期,油气藏的形成及后期调整与构造运动密切相关。火山岩油气藏具多期运聚、多期成藏和多期调整改造成藏特征,其成藏模式为以火山岩风化壳为储集层、下覆湖相泥岩为烃源岩,油气在构造背景下,沿不整合面聚集成藏,形成下生上储地层型油藏组合模式。本文结合构造演化史分析三塘湖盆地火山岩油气成藏过程,对西部沉积盆地下组合火山岩油气藏的勘探具有良好借鉴与指导意义。     

大光包滑坡启动机制的物理模拟试验

安县大光包滑坡是汶川地震触发的规模最大的滑坡,为了研究其形成机制,本文结合野外现场调查,利用三维振动台物理模拟试验,研究了大光包滑坡在地震作用下的启动机制与破坏过程,探讨了滑坡发生与坡体结构的密切关系。研究结果表明:大光包滑坡一个楔型槽状滑落体,沿着白云岩沙化层面和坡体中垂直于层面倾坡内早期X构造裂隙构成,是层面与裂隙在地震力作用下扩展并破坏的宏观表现;振动作用下坡体首先在坡顶产生一系列的拉张裂缝,随后在坡体下部产生剪切裂缝;后缘拉裂面、东侧白云岩层面和西侧拉裂边界将坡体切割成楔形体并滑下;滑坡为一后退式滑坡,呈多次后退式破坏。     

A comparative evaluation of heuristic and bivariate statistical modelling for landslide susceptibility mappings in Ghurmi–Dhad Khola, east Nepal

Landslides are one of the major natural disasters that occur in the Himalayan range with recurring frequency, causing enormous loss of life and property every year. Preparation of landslide inventory maps and landslide susceptibility zonation maps are the important tasks to be taken into account initially for safe mitigation measures. The present paper focuses on landslide susceptibility maps of the Ghurmi–Dhad Khola area, east Nepal, using Geographic Information System. For this purpose, the landslide susceptibility maps are prepared by using the heuristic and bivariate statistical methods. The parameters considered for the study are slope angle, slope aspect, elevation, distance from drainage, geology, land cover, rock and soil type, and distance from faults and folds. The landslide susceptibility zonation map produced from the heuristic method shows that 42.59 % of the observed landslide falls under the very high susceptible zone and 33.00 % under the high susceptible zone. Likewise, the landslide susceptibility zonation map produced from the bivariate method depicts that 44.19 % of the observed landslide falls under the very high susceptible zone and 31.59 % under the high susceptible zone. Both the landslide susceptibility zonation maps are identical, and success rates of both the maps are above 80 %. While comparing the landslide susceptibility maps obtained from two different methods, about 78 % of the study area falls in the identical susceptible zones. Special attention should be taken into consideration for the construction works in the areas which have been spatially agreed as very high and high susceptible zones from both techniques. Moreover, these maps can be used for slope management, land use planning, disaster management planning, etc., by the concerned authorities.     

南海北部深海小型底栖动物丰度和生物量

2010年9月在南海北部5个深海站位和1个浅海站位进行了小型底栖动物和环境因子采样,对小型底栖动物的丰度和生物量进行了定量研究。本次调查中,共鉴定出10个小型底栖动物类群,分别是线虫、桡足类、多毛类、介形类、甲壳类幼体、异足类、寡毛类、涡虫、无板类和等足类。从丰度来看,线虫是绝对的优势类群,占总丰度百分比为94.72%;桡足类次之,占2.70%;多毛类再次,占1.62%;其他类群之和仅占0.96%。从生物量来看,线虫的生物量最大,占总生物量的53.83%;其次是多毛类,占32.17%;居生物量第三位的是桡足类,占7.14%;其他类群之和占6.85%。小型底栖动物的丰度和干重生物量分别为566.12±635.61个·(10cm2)-1和398.43±431.98μg·(10cm 2)-1,线虫的丰度和干重生物量分别为536.21±593.48个·(10cm 2)-1和214.48±237.39μg·(10cm 2)-1。研究站位线虫、桡足类、多毛类和小型底栖动物丰度,小型底栖动物生物量与环境因子的相关分析表明,影响线虫丰度、小型底栖动物丰度、小型底栖生物生物量的主要环境因子包括底层水pH值、沉积物粉砂黏土含量和有机质含量。单因素方差分析(One-way ANVOA)结果表明,线虫丰度、桡足类丰度、小型底栖动物丰度和生物量在不同站位均有显著差异。与渤海、北黄海、南黄海、长江口、芽庄湾(越南)、大亚湾、北部湾、南海近海等海域相比,本研究海域的小型底栖动物丰度和生物量偏低。     

沙漠绿洲戈壁区域同化预报系统降水预报检验

基于沙漠绿洲戈壁区域同化预报系统(Desert Oasis Gobi Regional Assimilation and Forecast System,简称"DOGRAFS"),对2012年11月1日—2013年10月31日逐日四次预报的6h累积降水量和实况资料,利用TS、ETS和BS评分统计量,对该系统的降水预报能力进行客观检验评估,结果表明:总体而言,模式预报效果存在一定的季节差异,夏秋两季预报评分高于冬春两季;对于同一降水阈值,系统不同起报时间对降水的预报结果差别不大,但总体上12 UTC略优于其它三个时次;模式对降水的预报能力随着降水阈值的增大而逐渐降低,其中,对0.1 mm·(6 h)-1阈值的降水预报性能最稳定,对3.1 mm·(6 h)-1和6.1 mm·(6 h)-1两阈值次之但预报范围与实况比较吻合,对12.1 mm·(6 h)-1以上的大阈值降水过程,整体把握能力还有待提高。另外,针对2013年5月26—29日南疆一次极端强降水天气个例进行分析,不同起报时间对强降水时段的落区和量级的预报能力参差不齐,其中26日12UTC的预报结果最优;对其增量场分析表明,同化的资料对预报初始场中、低层的风场、温度场以及湿度场都有明显的调整作用,对预报结果有较好的正效应。     

像元尺度上分类不确定性评价及可视化表达

传统的地物类别尺度上的遥感影像分类不确定性评价仅能实现分类精度的数学度量,无法反映分类不确定性的空间分布,难以完整、准确地描述和理解遥感影像分类信息的不确定性.文章首先在像元尺度上对遥感影像分类的不确定性进行评价,并在此基础上利用计算机技术从彩色可视化、用户交互式可视化和用户选择性可视化模式3个方面在空间域上对分类不确定性进行描述,从视觉感知角度表达遥感影像分类的不确定性信息,从而使用户更加形象直观地理解不确定性信息数据的大小及其空间分布.