标准雷电波形的频谱分析及其应用

标准雷电波频谱分析可以获悉其电压、电流在不同频段的振幅、能量等分布，为防雷器件和电子设备的标准波形7中击试验以及基层雷电防护工作提供技术参考。选取常用的8／20（μs）、10／350（μs）波形、后续雷击0．25／100（μs）波形和国家标准推荐雷电试验波形（10／200、4／300、1．2／50、10／700（μs）），通过连续傅立叶变换计算了不同波形的振幅、能量的频谱变化，并与自然闪电辐射场的频谱进行了比较。结果表明雷电电流波形的振幅和能量主要集中在低频部分，振幅频谱主要集中在1MHz以下，能量主要集中在几kHz到几百kHz；半峰值时间t2是雷电波振幅和能量频谱分布的主要因素，t2的大小决定了低频部分的谐波丰富程度。这些结论在雷电防护设计和应用中起到一定的参考作用。     

用非线性最优化方法研究El Niño可预报性的进展与前瞻

综述用非线性优化方法研究厄尔尼诺(El Ni(n)o)-南方涛动(ENSO)事件可预报性的进展.针对ENSO可预报性研究中的热点问题--"前期征兆"、"春季可预报性障碍",以及如何量化研究ENSO可预报性和ENSO的不对称性问题,作者在近年来的工作中先后用理论模式和中等复杂程度ENSO模式研究了ENSO可预报性的动力学,揭示了ENSO的若干重要非线性特征.主要结果如下:(1)条件非线性最优扰动(CNOP)(局部CNOP)比线性奇异向量更易发展成ENSO事件,扮演了ENSO的最优前期征兆.这些ENSO事件关于气候平均态是不对称的.理论分析表明,非线性温度平流过程是造成这种不对称性的重要原因.1980～2002年的海洋再分析资料验证了上述理论结果.(2)ENSO事件CNOP型初始误差的发展有明显的季节依赖性,该误差导致了ENSO事件最显著的春季可预报性障碍(SPB)现象.ENSO事件SPB的发生不仅依赖于气候平均态,而且依赖于ENSO事件本身及其初始误差模态,是三者综合作用的结果.(3)建立了关于ENSO可预报性的最大可预报时间下界、最大预报误差上界和最大允许初始误差下界的三类可预报性问题,分别从三个方面揭示了ENSO事件的春季可预报性障碍现象,比较有效地量化了其可预报性.(4)通过CNOP方法,揭示了非线性温度平流在年代际尺度ENSO不对称性研究中的重要作用,解释了ENSO不对称性的年代际变化,基于所用ENSO模式给出了ENSO不对称性年代际变化的机制.最后,展望了非线性优化方法在ENSO可预报性中应用的前景,并期望该方法能拓展到ENSO第二类可预报性问题的研究中.     

基于ERA-interim再分析资料的近30年九龙低涡气候特征

利用ERA-interim再分析资料,统计分析了1986年1月1日—2015年12月31日不同生命史九龙涡的时空分布特征和活动规律。结果表明:持续1—2个时次的九龙涡（T_1-2JLV）和3—4个时次的九龙涡（T_3-4JLV）初生高频中心位于27°—28.5°N,100°—101.5°E,持续5—6个时次的九龙涡（T_5-6JLV）初生高频中心位于29°—30.5°N,102°—103.5°E,持续时间大于7个时次的九龙涡（T_≥7JLV）初生高频中心位于28°—29.5°N,101.5°—103.5°E,生命史越长越易生成于四川盆地的西南部;九龙涡生成频数30年呈增长趋势,但近几年呈下降趋势;九龙涡生成频数随月份大致呈先增加后减少的变化趋势,1—5月随月份增加,5—12月随月份减少,5月最大,9月最小,3月T_1-2JLV生成最多,9月最少,4月T_3-4JLV生成最多,12月最少,6月T_5-6JLV、T_≥7JLV生成最多,1—4月无T_5-6JLV生成,12月T_≥7JLV生成最少,夏季九龙涡频数虽不是最高,但最易生成长生命史九龙涡,且最易移出源地;生命史低于24 h的九龙涡（T_1-2JLV、T_3-4JLV）夜发性不突出,生命史超过24 h的九龙涡（T_5-6JLV、T_≥7JLV）具有显著的夜发性特征;移出源地的九龙涡频数随月份表现出先增加后减少的变化趋势,1—6月随月份增加,6—12月随月份减少,6月移出源地的频数最多。T_≥7JLV的移动路径以偏东路径为主,6月后有东南路径和东北路径,T_5-6JLV移出路径只有偏东路径和东北路径,生命史小于24 h的九龙涡由于靠近统计区边缘地区也有可能移出源地。      

The Impact of Verification Area Design on Tropical Cyclone Targeted Observations Based on the CNOP Method

This study investigated the impact of different verification-area designs on the sensitive areas identified using the conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) method for tropical cyclone targeted observations.The sensitive areas identified using the first singular vector (FSV) method,which is the linear approximation of CNOP,were also investigated for comparison.By analyzing the validity of the sensitive areas,the proper design of a verification area was developed.Tropical cyclone Rananim,which occurred in August 2004 in the northwest Pacific Ocean,was studied.Two sets of verification areas were designed;one changed position,and the other changed both size and position.The CNOP and its identified sensitive areas were found to be less sensitive to small variations of the verification areas than those of the FSV and its sensitive areas.With larger variations of the verification area,the CNOP and the FSV as well as their identified sensitive areas changed substantially.In terms of reducing forecast errors in the verification area,the CNOP-identified sensitive areas were more beneficial than those identified using FSV.The design of the verification area is important for cyclone prediction.The verification area should be designed with a proper size according to the possible locations of the cyclone obtained from the ensemble forecast results.In addition,the development trend of the cyclone analyzed from its dynamic mechanisms was another reference.When the general position of the verification area was determined,a small variation in size or position had little influence on the results of CNOP.     

一次阵风锋过程的数值模拟与分析

利用中尺度数值模式ARPS,模拟了2006年6月29日发生在南京的一次由强中尺度对流系统引发的阵风锋过程,并分析了该过程的天气形势。结果表明,在对流系统经过南京站之前,近地层出现了明显的逆温,当对流系统经过南京站时中低层湿度一直在加深;背景形势显示有中低层急流和垂直风切变。在这次数值模拟中,虽然未模拟出阵风锋的细线回波...     

“07.08”陕西关中短历时强暴雨水汽条件分析

利用T213资料和地面逐时加密观测资料,对2007年8月8-9日陕西关中短历时强暴雨过程的水汽条件进行了详细的分析。结果表明,关中短历时强暴雨水汽来源于关中周围的高湿区,暴雨期间暴雨区上空水汽浅薄,地面至低层风向快速变化使暴雨区地面到低空湿度经历了减小—突然增加—快速减小的过程,水汽的聚集是通过偏东气流输送实现的,东西向水汽辐合是暴雨区水汽辐合的主要贡献者,北边界水汽的输入、输出和东边界水汽输入的突然增大、减小对暴雨的发生、发展及其结束有一定的指示意义;暴雨中心位于水汽通量大值中心及其下风向的水汽通量辐合中心之间;暴雨区可降水量的大小主要取决于水平水汽通量辐合的大小,水平水汽通量辐合的大小关键在于水平风场形成的辐合大小,而强降水的发生、加强、减弱及消亡与水汽的局地变化和水汽平流的变化关系更加紧密;近地层充足的水汽供应和水汽垂直输送形成的反环流圈使暴雨区水汽、能量迅速增加和抬升,建立了不稳定大气并触发能量释放,强降水开始;反之,形成暴雨的水汽条件不复存在,强降水结束。     

Convective Scale Structure and Evolution of a Squall Line Observed by C-Band Dual Doppler Radar in an Arid Region of Northwestern China

A long-lived and loosely organized squall line moved rapidly across Urumqi, the capital city of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China on 26 June 2005, generating hail and strong winds. The squall line was observed by a dual Doppler radar system in a field experiment conducted in 2004 and 2005 by the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences and the local meteorological bureau in northwestern China. The 3D wind fields within the squall line were retrieved through dual Doppler analyses and a variational Doppler radar analysis system (VDRAS). The formation and structure of the squall line as well as the genesis and evolution of embedded convective cells were investigated. During its life period, the squall line consisted of six storm cells extending about 100 km in length, and produced hail of about 25 mm in diameter and strong surface winds up to 11 m s^-1. Radar observations revealed a broad region of stratiform rain in a meso-β cyclone, with the squall line located to the west of this. Two meso-γ scale vortices were found within the squall line. Compared to typical squall lines in moist regions, such as Guangdong Province and Shanghai, which tend to be around 300--400 km in length, have echo tops of 17--19 km, and produce maximum surface winds of about 25 m s^-1 and temperature variations of about 8^oC this squall line system had weaker maximum reflectivity (55 dBZ), a lower echo top (13 km) and smaller extension (about 100 km), relatively little stratiform rainfall preceding the convective line, and a similar moving speed and temperature variation at the surface.     

Application of the Conditional Nonlinear Optimal Perturbation Method to the Predictability Study of the Kuroshio Large Meander

A reduced-gravity barotropic shallow-water model was used to simulate the Kuroshio path variations.The results show that the model was able to capture the essential features of these path variations.We used one simulation of the model as the reference state and investigated the effects of errors in model parameters on the prediction of the transition to the Kuroshio large meander (KLM) state using the conditional nonlinear optimal parameter perturbation (CNOP-P) method.Because of their relatively large uncertainties,three model parameters were considered:the interfacial friction coefficient,the wind-stress amplitude,and the lateral friction coefficient.We determined the CNOP-Ps optimized for each of these three parameters independently,and we optimized all three parameters simultaneously using the Spectral Projected Gradient 2 (SPG2) algorithm.Similarly,the impacts caused by errors in initial conditions were examined using the conditional nonlinear optimal initial perturbation (CNOP-I) method.Both the CNOP-I and CNOP-Ps can result in significant prediction errors of the KLM over a lead time of 240 days.But the prediction error caused by CNOP-I is greater than that caused by CNOP-P.The results of this study indicate not only that initial condition errors have greater effects on the prediction of the KLM than errors in model parameters but also that the latter cannot be ignored.Hence,to enhance the forecast skill of the KLM in this model,the initial conditions should first be improved,the model parameters should use the best possible estimates.     

小断层的地震识别

在勘探后期或油田开发阶段,认清小断层的分布对油田注采井设计、产能建设、油藏管理和油藏挖潜等的落实具有极为重要的意义.受地震资料分辨率的限制,用常规的地震资料解释方法进行小断层的识别很难达到油田生产需求,为此,本文根据研究区储层不同厚度、物性特点,以测井、地震、地质统计为基础,设计了薄层、厚层和不等厚互层三种储层不同断距...     

2005年6月华南特大连续性暴雨的环境条件和中尺度扰动分析

利用常规观测站、地面加密站资料、卫星红外云图TBB和NCEP再分析资料,对2005年6月19—24日发生在广东的特大连续性暴雨过程进行了分析。天气分析表明：高空南亚高压前部的强辐散场,500 hPa河套阻塞高压以及低层低涡切变线横卧在江淮一带、低空急流源源不断地向华南输送暖湿气流的这种大尺度环流形势和相应的大范围动力热力及水汽条件,决定了暴雨的多发时期和持续性;区域暴雨多发期内5次强降水的具体发生和间歇,则与暴雨区大气动力、热力及水汽条件的5个 α 中尺度时间变化与震荡密切联系并受其影响;暴雨区动力条件的α中尺度时间变化与特定的大尺度环流背景下高低空急流的演变有密切的关系。降水的中尺度特征分析表明：暴雨过程中5场暴雨的发展和间歇对应5个 α 中尺度系统的发展和减弱,暴雨是由19个 β 中尺度系统直接造成19个 β 中尺度大雨团形成。进一步分析表明：强降水主要发生在地面静止锋和锋前暖区的中尺度切变线（或中尺度辐合线）和中尺度涡旋或中尺度辐合中心附近,中尺度涡旋内的降水是由飑线上 γ 中尺度对流单体形成的“列车效应”产生的,而中尺度切变线附近的降水则是飑线的发展合并加强产生的。发生在冷式切变线附近的强降水移动速度较快,发生在暖式切变线附近的强降水移动缓慢,发生在辐合中心的强降水在原地发展达最强后随辐合中心转为切变线减弱或直接在原地减弱消失而结束。