A Modeling Study of the Impacts of Mississippi River Diversion and Sea-Level Rise on Water Quality of a Deltaic Estuary

Freshwater and sediment management in estuaries affects water quality, particularly in deltaic estuaries. Furthermore, climate change-induced sea-level rise (SLR) and land subsidence also affect estuarine water quality by changing salinity, circulation, stratification, sedimentation, erosion, residence time, and other physical and ecological processes. However, little is known about how the magnitudes and spatial and temporal patterns in estuarine water quality variables will change in response to freshwater and sediment management in the context of future SLR. In this study, we applied the Delft3D model that couples hydrodynamics and water quality processes to examine the spatial and temporal variations of salinity, total suspended solids, and chlorophyll-α concentration in response to small (142 m³ s^?1) and large (7080 m³ s^?1) Mississippi River (MR) diversions under low (0.38 m) and high (1.44 m) relative SLR (RSLR = eustatic SLR + subsidence) scenarios in the Breton Sound Estuary, Louisiana, USA. The hydrodynamics and water quality model were calibrated and validated via field observations at multiple stations across the estuary. Model results indicate that the large MR diversion would significantly affect the magnitude and spatial and temporal patterns of the studied water quality variables across the entire estuary, whereas the small diversion tends to influence water quality only in small areas near the diversion. RSLR would also play a significant role on the spatial heterogeneity in estuary water quality by acting as an opposite force to river diversions; however, RSLR plays a greater role than the small-scale diversion on the magnitude and spatial pattern of the water quality parameters in this deltaic estuary.     

泉州湾北岸潮间带大型底栖生物群落研究

2014年9月和2015年5月,分别在泉州湾北岸布设3条潮间带断面进行大型底栖生物群落研究.共计采获潮间带大型底栖生物样品166种,其中泥沙滩有80种,岩相有96种.其中环节动物、软体动物和节肢动物有145种,构成该区域潮间带大型底栖生物的主要类群,调查的3条断面中,泥沙滩断面的平均栖息密度和生物量分别为133 ind./m~2和24.48 g/m~2,岩相断面的平均栖息密度和生物量分别为1 412 ind./m~2和958.78 g/m~2.数量垂直分布,泥沙滩断面和岩相断面平均栖息密度和生物量均以中潮区低潮区高潮区.数量季节变化,泥沙滩断面平均栖息密度和生物量均为春季(170 ind./m~2和32.04 g/m~2)大于秋季(96 ind./m~2和16.92g/m~2),岩相断面平均栖息密度为春季(1 360 ind./m~2)小于秋季(1 464 ind./m~2),而平均生物量为春季(1 122.83 g/m~2)大于秋季(794.75 g/m~2),数量季节变化显著.丰度/生物量曲线显示,泉州湾北岸潮间带大型底栖生物群落群落结构较为稳定,受到干扰较小.     

工业用水N型环境库兹涅茨曲线及其形成机制——以山东省为例

判别工业用水环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）形状,揭示其形成机制,能够指示工业用水量随经济发展的长期变化趋势,可为工业用水管理提供重要依据。以山东省1980-2016年工业用水为例,采用三次模型、二次模型和非参数局部加权回归（LOWESS）,分析工业用水与人均GDP人均关系,判断工业用水EKC形状;通过由对数平均迪式指数法（LMDI）测算出的用水效率、产业结构和经济规模对工业用水变化贡献值,以及利用四参数Logistic曲线得出的工业用水效率长期变化特征,定量分析揭示N型EKC的形成机制。结果表明,山东省工业用水随人均GDP增加先增长、后下降、再增长,工业用水EKC形状为N型;在工业用水效率快速提高、工业用水量持续下降后,由于用水效率逐渐接近极限、提高速度减缓、节水量大幅降低,经济规模扩张增加的用水量无法被抵消,工业用水不再下降、反而出现再增长,曲线形状由倒U型变成N型。N型是对倒U型工业用水EKC的一个补充,工业用水量不会"自动"持续下降,而是存在再增长可能;要实现工业用水量持续下降,必须深度挖掘节水潜力,持续提高用水效率,并推动工业结构向节水方向调整。     

石膏尾矿墙体材料的研究

通过实验确定了生产石膏尾矿墙体材料的配合比及CaO、复合外加剂的最佳掺量，利用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜以水化产物的种类及结构形态进行了分析研究，并对其物理力学性能做了测试与分析。     

云南思茅盆地二叠纪层序地层研究

在野外实地考察和综合研究的基础上，根据层序界面特征和凝缩层，思茅盆地二叠系可分为9个Ⅲ级层序，其中下二叠统3个，上二叠统6个。根据区域特点，认为二叠纪可分为2个Ⅱ级层序，在思茅盆地范围，乃至中国南方可以进行对比。     

Coupling of tectonic loading and earthquake fault slips at subduction zones

Because of the viscoelastic behaviour of the earth, accumulation of elastic strain energy by tectonic loading and release of such energy by earthquake fault slips at subduction zones may take place on different spatial scales. If the lithospheric plate is acted upon by distant tectonic forces, strain accumulation must occur in a broad region. However, an earthquake releases strain only in a region comparable to the size of the rupture area. A two-dimensional finite-element model of a subduction zone with viscoelastic rheology has been used to investigate the coupling of tectonic loading and earthquake fault slips. A fault lock-and-unlock technique is employed so that the amount of fault slip in an earthquake is not prescribed, but determined by the accumulated stress. The amount of earthquake fault slip as a fraction of the total relative plate motion depends on the relative sizes of the earthquake rupture area and the region of tectonic strain accumulation, as well as the rheology of the rock material. The larger the region of strain accumulation is compared to the earthquake rupture, the smaller is the earthquake fault slip. The reason for the limited earthquake fault slip is that the elastic shear stress in the asthenosphere induced by the earthquake resists the elastic rebound of the overlying plate. Since rapid permanent plate shortening is not observed at subduction zones, there must be either strain release over a large region or strain accumulation over a small region over earthquake cycles. The former can be achieved only by significant aseismic fault slip between large subduction earthquakes. The most likely mechanism for the latter is the accumulation of elastic strain around isolated locked asperities of the fault, which requires significant aseismic fault slip between asperities.     

藏北羌塘南部走构由茶错地区火山岩定年与康托组时代的厘定

康托组在羌塘南部地区分布广泛,是青藏高原始新世大规模隆升以后首先接受的陆相碎屑和火山沉积,以往根据时代跨度较大的生物化石将其时代确定为中新世,但一直存在争议.羌南走构由茶错康托组中呈层状出露的火山岩面积约120km2,主要岩性为玄武质粗面安山岩,保存有完好的火山口和火山颈.40Ar-39Ar积分年龄为30.5Ma±0.6Ma,K-Ar法年龄为333Ma±05Ma、29.3Ma±0.4Ma、32.3Ma±05Ma、28.4Ma±0.4Ma,为渐新世早期.结合区域上康托组与伴生火山岩的相互关系,确定走构由茶错、康托、鱼鳞山和纳丁错等地的火山岩是康托组的组成部分.根据走构由茶错火山岩同位素定年结果将康托组的时代由中新世厘定为渐新世,羌塘地区大规模隆升以后接受沉积的时间前推了大约10Ma.     

贵州凤冈－湄潭地区二叠系栖霞组沉积相研究

贵州凤冈-湄潭地区二叠系栖霞组碳酸盐岩出露良好、层序完整、沉积现象丰富,为研究沉积相提供了良好的场所。本文通过凤冈-湄潭地区中二叠统栖霞组野外剖面测制、样品采集及室内测试鉴定等手段,对栖霞组岩石类型、沉积结构构造、古生物、地球化学、测井曲线等多种相标志及其沉积环境意义进行了系统研究。通过研究,认为栖霞组处于局限浅海台地碳酸盐岩沉积体系,整体处于水深数米到数十米浪基面之下,水动力条件较弱,海水欠流畅,海底贫氧或缺氧,盐度多高于正常海水的盐度。部分时段水体更深,水体环境更为闭塞、贫氧,水动力条件更低。根据水体深度和水动力条件等的物质表现,又分为潮下、台内洼地和台内滩3个亚相,以及生物碎屑滩、深水泥、静水泥3个微相。     

北祁连西段肃南地区下志留统肮脏沟组河流相的发现及其大地构造意义

北祁连地区位于中国中央造山带中段,具有典型造山带的特征。区内志留系肮脏沟组沉积环境存在较大争议,以致对其沉积期古地理格局的认识就存在很大差异。本研究选取志留系肮脏沟组发育齐全的肃南地区老虎沟剖面为研究对象,通过野外剖面实测、室内薄片鉴定和碎屑岩粒度分析等方法对老虎沟剖面肮脏沟组沉积充填序列、沉积构造和沉积相类型进行了细致分析。北祁连肃南地区老虎沟剖面志留系肮脏沟组发育大套的砾岩、砂砾岩和含砾砂岩,沉积构造以大型槽状交错层理、板状交错层理、平行层理和底冲刷构造为主,其中砂岩碎屑的成分和结构成熟度都较低;砂岩段的滚动组分含量较高,纵向剖面上显示为向上远离物源区,粒度变细的演化序列。沉积特征指示北祁连肃南地区老虎沟剖面志留系肮脏沟组的沉积相为辫状河流相,并非前人认为的造山俯冲阶段或者弧陆碰撞阶段的深水海相沉积,而是已经发生陆—陆碰撞形成的陆相沉积。此时北祁连东部地区还未发生陆—陆碰撞,由此可知北祁连在早志留世碰撞为“西早东晚”的不规则点式碰撞。本研究有助于深化对北祁连造山带志留纪的古地理格局和其大地构造背景的认识。     

基于Sentinel-1时间序列的河冰表面物候提取研究

利用遥感技术识别河冰物候信息,能有效地评估河冰生长趋势,提高冰情信息化管理水平。以黄河内蒙古段为例,基于Sentinel-1时间序列遥感影像,综合曲线斜率法与动态阈值法提取了近5年（2015—2020年）黄河内蒙古段海勃湾库尾、三盛公闸下河段、三湖河口河段、头道拐河段以及万家寨库尾5个子段河冰物候（初冰日、完全冻结日、开始消融日、完全消融日）并分析其变化特征。结果表明：5个子河段初冰日和完全消融日的最优提取阈值分别为0.1、0.2、0.1、0.05以及0.05倍的Logistic曲线上下限差,识别偏差在3日以内;完全冻结日和开始消融日出现在Logistic曲线斜率最大（最小）值处,识别偏差在5日以内;5段近5年初冰日呈偏晚趋势,变化速率分别为1.4 d·a^-1、1.0 d·a^-1、0.8 d·a^-1、0.2 d·a^-1及0.4 d·a^-1;海勃湾库尾和头道拐河段从初冰日至完全冻结日的横向冻结速率正以0.2 d·a^-1和1.4 d·a^-1逐年增加,而巴彦高勒河段和万家寨库尾区以1.4 d·a^-1和1.0 d·a^-1逐年减少,三盛公闸下河段基本保持不变。研究成果可为冰凌洪水预测及河岸堤防修建提供科学依据。