DEPENDENCE OF ROTATION VELOCITY OF INDIVIDUAL SUNSPOTS ON THEIR LIFETIME

By using a large number (452) of individual sunspots or individual sunspots with small spots around them, taken from the Greenwich Photoheliographic Results (GPR) for the years 1964–1976 that cover solar cycle No. 20, it is shown that the rotation velocity of the sunspots varies with their lifetimes. This investigation indicates that at the equator, the rotation rate for the last three days (of the lifetime) is about 1.3% slower than that over the whole lifetime and about 0.5% slower than during the first three days, but this is reversed at high and low latitudes, and the difference is much larger in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere. These results confirm to the fact that the rotation rate of the solar layers increases with depth.     

An Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Dimension of Drought Vulnerability in Turkey Using the Standardized Precipitation Index

Drought has become a recurrent phenomenon in Turkey in the last few decades. Significant drought conditions were observed during years of late 1980s and the trend continued in the late 1990s. The countrys agricultural sector and water resources have been under severe constraints from the recurrent droughts. In this study, spatial and temporal dimensions of meteorological droughts in Turkey have been investigated from vulnerability concept. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) method was used to detail geographical variations in the drought vulnerability based on frequency and severity of drought events at multiple time steps. Critical (threshold) rainfall values were derived for each station at multiple-time steps in varying drought categories to determine least amount of rainfall required to avoid from drought initiation. The study found that drought vulnerability portrays a very diverse but consistent picture with varying time steps. At regional scale, south-eastern and eastern Anatolia are characterized with moderate droughts at shorter time steps, while the occurrence of severe droughts at shorter time steps is observed at non-coastal parts of the country. A similar picture was observed with very severe droughts. The critical (threshold) values exhibited rising numbers during the growing season at 3-month step in the South-eastern Anatolia, which might have significant consequences considering presence of large irrigation projects under-development in the region. In general, rainfall amounts required for non-drought conditions decrease from the coastal parts toward the interiors with increasing time steps.     

SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL AND CLIMATIC PHENOMENA IN RELATION TO SOLAR INERTIAL MOTION

The time series of solar and volcanic activities have been processed to show, mostly by means of statistical characteristics, the exceptional and recurring pattern of these phenomena in the intervals of the exceptional and recurring pattern of solar motion, i.e. in the intervals of the Sun's motion along the trefoils which reoccur in steps of 178.7 years. Nearly the same sets of five sunspot cycles have been found in the latest trefoil intervals (1730–1780 and 1910–1960), their length being constant and equal to 10 years (cycles No. 15–19). The steadily attenuated volcanic activity have been pointed out in the three latest trefoil intervals. The long-term maxima of surface air temperature occured in the central decades of the trefoil intervals. The results indicate a primary role of solar motion in a causal chain of ST-relations and a need of taking the Solar System as a whole into account to explain climatic changes. The solar motion can be computed in advance. Predictive assesments, so far in form of analogies, have been made: Because the solar motion in the next decades will be chaotic, lower and longer solar cycles (with irregular length), ocurrence of huge volcanic events and a decrease of global surface air temperature can be expected.     

Tectonic Imprints of the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis on the Mesozoic Rocks Exposed in Munda,Mohmand Agency,Northwest Pakistan

Two well-developed mesoscopic folds, D_2 and D_3, which postdate the middle amphibolite metamorphism, were recognized in the western hinterland zone of Pakistan. NW–SE trending D_2 folds developed during NE–SW horizontal bulk shortening followed by NE–SW trending D_3 folds, which developed during SE–NW shortening. Micro- to mesoscopically the NW–SE trending S2 crenulation cleavage, boudins and mineral stretching lineations are overprinted by D_3. The newly established NW–SE trending micro- to mesoscopic structures in Munda termed D_2, which postdated F_1/F_2, is synchronously developed with F3 structures in the western hinterland zone of Pakistan. We interpret that D_2 and D_3 folds are counterclockwise rotated in the tectonic event that has evolved the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis after the main phase Indian plate and Kohistan Island Arc collision. Chlorite replacement by biotite in the main matrix crenulation cleavages indicates prograde metamorphism related with D_2. The inclusion of muscovite and biotite in garnet porphyroblasts and the presence of staurolite in these rocks indicate that the Barrovian metamorphic conditions predate D_2 and D_3. We interpret that garnet, staurolite and calcite porphyroblasts grew before D_2 because the well developed S2 crenulation cleavage wraps around these porphyroblasts.     

乌鲁木齐市低层大气稳定度分布特征的统计分析

利用乌鲁木齐市4座100 m梯度气象塔2013年6月至2014年4月10 min气象资料,对比分析了温差法、温差-风速法、风速比法、理查森数法和总体理查森数法计算的A~F类大气稳定度的适用性,表明温差-风速法更适合乌鲁木齐市大气稳定度的分类,运用该方法计算出的A~F类稳定度进而统计分析乌鲁木齐市城区和郊区稳定度的频率分布特征。结果表明:郊区稳定类所占比例高于城区,城区中性类高于郊区,南郊和城区不稳定类高于北郊。中性类在冬季较大,春季和秋季较低;不稳定类在6月最高、9和1月最低;稳定类在10和1月最高、6和7月最低。白天以不稳定为主(占全天88.3%~96.3%)、夜间以稳定为主(占全天51.3%~60%),夏季最明显。不稳定与中性、稳定的日变化相反,郊区日出时和城区日出后2 h左右稳定类频率最大。中性(D类)在日出和日落后1~3 h分别出现两个峰值。寒潮天气稳定性比高温天气强,静风天气郊区稳定类比大风天气强,扬沙发生前以中性和稳定类稳定度为主、发生时和发生后以不稳定为主,降雨天气不稳定类比暴雪天气强。春季和夏季重污染天气B、C和F类为主,夏季南郊和近北郊C和F类约45%,秋季B和E类为主,约40%~50%;冬季城区D类频率最大,南郊、北郊和近北郊F类频率最大。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠不同区域土壤热通量变化比较

选取塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区和北缘过渡带肖塘地区2013年土壤热通量观测资料,初步比较分析了塔克拉玛干沙漠两种下垫面的土壤热通量变化特征。结果表明：(1)在日变化尺度上,两个站点都有明显的日变化特征,1月份塔中站土壤热通量日平均变化幅度小于肖塘站,日较差分别为58.9 W.m2和72.4 W.m2,4月份两站土壤热通量变化幅度较为接近,日较差分别为88.1W.m2、100.1 W.m2。7、10月份塔中站土壤热通量变化幅度明显高于肖塘站,日较差分别为99.0 W.m2、53.7W.m2,100.3 W.m2、73.3W.m2。(2)不同天气条件下两个站点土壤热通量变化都有很大差异。晴天,塔中站和肖塘站土壤热通量变化都呈现出单峰型,变化幅度较一致,日较差分别为119.7 W.m2、119.1 W.m2。沙尘天和雨天受云层或降水的影响土壤热通量变化波动较大,沙尘天塔中站变化幅度小于肖塘站,日较差分别为83.6 W.m2、133.1 W.m2;雨天塔中站和肖塘站变化幅度都很剧烈,日较差分别为70.6 W.m2、66.6 W.m2。(3)年变化尺度上,塔中站土壤热通量在7月份达到最大值(7.7 W.m2),在11月出现最小值(-5.3 W.m2),肖塘站7月份出现最大值(4.2 W.m2),11月份出现最小值(-10.2 W.m2)。塔中站和肖塘站土壤热通量年总量差异很大,塔中站为16.8 W.m2,能量由大气向土壤传递,土壤为热汇,而肖塘站则为-34.9 W.m2,能量由土壤向大气传播,土壤表现为热源。     

肖塘地区夏季土壤CO2浓度日变化特征及影响因素

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘流动沙漠—古河床过渡带肖糖地区2012年6—8月土壤40 cm深处CO_2 浓度和相关气象要素资料,对该区域的土壤CO_2 浓度变化特征及影响因子进行了分析。结果表明:(1)肖塘地区夏季土壤40 cm深处CO_2 浓度的日变化过程中呈现出夜间低、白天高的单峰型,日最高值出现在18:00左右,最低值出现在6:30左右,浓度平均值保持在506.97~518.14 ppm之间;(2)随着土壤温度和土壤湿度的变大,土壤CO_2 浓度增大,两者呈显著正相关;(3)风速和土壤CO_2 浓度之间存在一定的滞后性;(4)大气压力对土壤CO_2 浓度变化产生显著影响,两者呈负相关。