基于稳态碎岩方式的PDC钻头设计分析研究

自从20世纪80年代PDC复合片研发成功以来,PDC钻头由于其钻进性能强和耐磨性能好,在世界许多国家的石油钻井和地质勘探中得到了广泛应用,取得了很好的效果。但是,如何进一步提高其在钻探工程中的技术经济指标是一个很迫切的问题。俄罗斯博士Скоромных В. В.教授等对此进行多年研究,提出了稳态破碎岩石方式的思想,即在轴载和扭矩切力形成的合力R与切削面成垂直角度条件下,切入深度h不变时形成的一种碎岩方式。并在此基础上提出了一些设计PDC钻头方面的建议。     

Trace fossils of an amalgamated storm-bed succession from the Jurassic of the Kachchh Basin,India:The significance of time-averaging in ichnology

The uppermost part of the Upper Bathonian Sponge Limestone member, Patcham Formation, of the Jhura Dome of Kachchh Mainland is a thickening-and shallowing-upward succession topped by medium-to thick-bedded hummocky cross-stratified grainstones deposited by storm waves. Occasionally, thin, commonly lenticular, intraclastic-bioclastic silty marl intercalations between the grainstones are highly bioturbated, in contrast to the grainstones, in which, for the most part, trace fossils occur scattered. Large exposures of bedding planes of the grainstones allow the detailed investigation of ichnological features, whereas the high density of traces in the soft marls precludes the identification of any ichnotaxa. Eighteen ichnotaxa have been recorded including Ophiomorpha, Thalassinoides, Taenidium, Gyrophyllites, Chondrites, Dactyloidites, Teichichnus, Bolonia, and Ancorichnus. Except for Ophiomorpha nodosa and Thalassinoides, which generally indicate moderate to high energy conditions and are the dwelling burrows of suspension-feeding to omnivorous crustaceans, the ichnotaxa represent a deposit-feeding behaviour of their producers and thus are characteristic of low-energy environments. The trace fossils form three ichnoassemblages characterized by(1) Ophiomorpha nodosa and Thalassinoides suevicus,(2)?Thalassinoides isp. A, Taenidium, and Bolonia lata,and(3) Ancorichnus. The dominance of traces of deposit-feeders in rocks indicative of high-energy events is counterintuitive and points to their non-contemporaneity. The sediments were deposited during brief highenergy events, whereas the trace fossils were produced when, after waning of storms low-energy conditions prevailed. This time-averaging is particularly pronounced in trace fossils that extend vertically downwards and may reach strata deposited under distinctly different conditions. Thus, environmental interpretations based on trace fossils should refer to colonisation surfaces rather than to the sediment surrounding the trace fossils. In the latter case, interpretations may be erroneous, especially when erosion subsequently destroyed sedimentary evidence of their original environment.     

扬子板块西北缘碧口地块中——新生代变质、变形与年代限定

碧口地块位于扬子板块西北缘,由北部变质沉积岩系及南部变质中基性火山岩组成。碧口地块北部岩石变质为千枚岩、云母石英片岩,南部岩石经历绿片岩-蓝片岩相变质。由于对碧口地块变形特征及区域变质作用分析深度不够,缺少精确的变质时间限定,碧口地块变质杂岩系性质、区域变质年代及其大地构造属性始终处于争议之中,导致对西秦岭和龙门山造山过程的认识产生分歧。通过详细区域构造解析,将碧口地块划分为3期变形:D1期以紧闭褶皱、面理S1及矿物线理L1为特征;D2期形成于由北向南的正断拆离作用,显示韧性变形特征,D2期变形改造先期逆断层并形成半地堑盆地;D3期形成于喜山期逆冲走滑运动,以脆性变形为主要特征。本研究获得碧口变质岩中变形脉锆石U-Pb年龄(227.2±6.2)Ma,碧口地块已报道的D1期变形后期侵入体年龄为226~215 Ma,从而限定D1期碧口区域变质变形年龄为约220 Ma。因此推测D1期形成于三叠纪末华南、华北板块碰撞,碧口地块区域变质主要形成于这一时期的俯冲碰撞作用;D2与D3期则与青藏高原的东向扩张有关。