一维综合孔径微波辐射计遥感海面温度的敏感性分析

一维综合孔径微波辐射计能够有效提高观测的空间分辨率,其观测入射角通常在0°~55°范围内变化。为了开发适用于一维综合孔径微波辐射计的海面温度反演算法,需要评估其观测亮温对海洋大气环境要素的敏感性。利用海面发射率模型和大气辐射传输模型,构建了适用于一维综合孔径微波辐射计的微波海洋大气辐射传输模式,研究了C波段垂直和水平极化微波辐射亮温在不同入射角下对海洋大气环境要素的敏感性变化情况,并定量计算了相应的敏感系数。结果表明:垂直和水平极化亮温对海洋大气环境要素的敏感性表现出不同的特性。随着入射角的增大,垂直极化亮温对海面温度的敏感性增强,对海面风场的敏感性相对减弱;水平极化亮温则相反。由大气水汽含量和云液态水含量误差引入的垂直和水平极化亮温误差随入射角增大而增大,但是,即使在55°的大入射角下垂直和水平极化亮温误差仍小于0.12 K。对于海面温度反演精度优于1 K的要求,一维综合孔径微波辐射计的测温精度需优于0.6 K。研究结果对于一维综合孔径微波辐射计海面温度反演算法的研究和载荷设计具有一定的理论指导意义。     

印尼贯穿流源区马鲁古海与哈马黑拉海水团来源的季节和年际变化

So far, large uncertainties of the Indonesian throughflow(ITF) reside in the eastern Indonesian seas, such as the Maluku Sea and the Halmahera Sea. In this study, the water sources of the Maluku Sea and the Halmahera Sea are diagnosed at seasonal and interannual timescales and at different vertical layers, using the state-of-the-art simulations of the Ocean General Circulation Model(OGCM) for Earth Simulator(OFES). Asian monsoon leaves clear seasonal footprints on the eastern Indonesian seas. Consequently, the subsurface waters(around 24.5σ_θ and at ～150 m) in both the Maluku Sea and the Halmahera Sea stem from the South Pacific(SP) during winter monsoon, but during summer monsoon the Maluku Sea is from the North Pacific(NP), and the Halmahera Sea is a mixture of waters originating from the NP and the SP. The monsoon impact decreases with depth, so that in the Maluku Sea, the intermediate water(around 26.8σ_θ and at ～480 m) is always from the northern Banda Sea and the Halmahera Sea water is mainly from the SP in winter and the Banda Sea in summer. The deep waters(around27.2σ_θ and at ～1 040 m) in both seas are from the SP, with weak seasonal variability. At the interannual timescale,the subsurface water in the Maluku Sea originates from the NP/SP during El Ni?o/La Ni?a, while the subsurface water in the Halmahera Sea always originates from the SP. Similar to the seasonal variability, the intermediate water in Maluku Sea mainly comes from the Banda Sea and the Halmahera Sea always originates from the SP. The deep waters in both seas are from the SP. Our findings are helpful for drawing a comprehensive picture of the water properties in the Indonesian seas and will contribute to a better understanding of the ocean-atmosphere interaction over the maritime continent.     

海马齿浮床对富营养化海湾营养盐削减的模型评价：以东山湾八尺门养殖海域为例

Many coastal seas are severely eutrophic and required to reduce nutrient concentrations to meet a certain water quality standard. We proposed a method for nutrient removal by planting Sesuvium portulacastrum at the water surface using the floating beds in the aquaculture area of the Dongshan Bay as an example, which is an important net-cage culture base in China and where dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphate(DIP) reach 0.75 mg/L and 0.097 mg/L, respectively far exceeding China's Grade IV water quality standards.Numerical simulations were taken using the ecological model, field observations and field plantation experimental results to assess the environmental restoration effects of planting S. portulacastrum at some certain spatial scales. Our field experiments suggested that the herbs can absorb 377 g/m~2 nitrogen and 22.9 g/m~2 phosphorus in eight months with an inserting density of ～60 shoot/m~2. The numerical experiments show that the greater the plantation area is, the more nutrient removal. Plantation in ～12% of the study area could lower nutrients to the required Grade II standards, i.e., 0.2 mg/LDIN≤0.3 mg/L and 0.015 mg/LDIP≤0.03 mg/L.Here the phytoremediation method and results provide helpful references for environmental restoration in other eutrophic seas.     

FIO-ESM气候模式北太平洋海表温度和降水的季节性预报技巧评估

The seasonal prediction of sea surface temperature(SST) and precipitation in the North Pacific based on the hindcast results of The First Institute of Oceanography Earth System Model(FIO-ESM) is assessed in this study.The Ensemble Adjusted Kalman Filter assimilation scheme is used to generate initial conditions, which are shown to be reliable by comparison with the observations. Based on this comparison, we analyze the FIO-ESM 6-month hindcast results starting from each month of 1993–2013. The model exhibits high SST prediction skills over most of the North Pacific for two seasons in advance. Furthermore, it remains skillful at long lead times for midlatitudes. The reliable prediction of SST can transfer fairly well to precipitation prediction via air-sea interactions.The average skill of the North Pacific variability(NPV) index from 1 to 6 months lead is as high as 0.72(0.55) when El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation and NPV are in phase(out of phase) at initial conditions. The prediction skill of the NPV index of FIO-ESM is improved by 11.6%(23.6%) over the Climate Forecast System, Version 2. For seasonal dependence, the skill of FIO-ESM is higher than the skill of persistence prediction in the later period of prediction.     

几种虾蛄生物学特性和繁殖生物学研究进展

虾蛄(Squillidae)是重要的水产增养殖品种。目前针对虾蛄类的研究主要集中在其基础生物学和繁殖生物学方面,其中在虾蛄的纳精结构、性腺发育和幼体发育等研究方面还存在诸多分歧。作者综述了几种虾蛄类,如口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)、黑斑口虾蛄(O. kempi)、猛虾蛄(Harpiosquilla harpax)和棘突猛虾蛄(H. raphidea)的资源分布、生活习性、亲本、性腺和幼体发育等研究成果,以期为虾蛄繁殖生物学和人工育苗的深入研究提供参考。     

斑节对虾TSG101基因的克隆及表达分析

为探究肿瘤易感基因101(简称TSG101)对斑节对虾(Penaeusmonodon)的免疫应答作用,了解在细菌刺激下斑节对虾的机体发生的变化机制,本研究以哈维弧菌(Vibrioharveyi)和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcusaureus)为实验组,以磷酸缓冲液(PBS)为对照组,通过荧光定量分析展开对斑节对虾对菌刺激的免疫应答作用。结果显示,斑节对虾的TSG101在各组织中均有表达,在肝胰腺中的表达量最高。在金黄色葡萄球菌刺激下,斑节对虾的TSG101在肝胰腺中的表达量与对照组相比呈极显著上调(P0.01),第12小时的TSG101 mRNA的表达量达到最大(为对照组的21.60倍);在鳃中的表达量与对照组相比呈极显著上调(P0.01),第6小时斑节对虾TSG101的表达量达到最大值(为对照组的3.64倍)。在注射哈维弧菌第9小时,肝胰腺中的PmTSG101 mRNA表达量极显著上调(P0.01)且达到最大(为对照组的2.50倍)。实验结果初步表明,斑节TSG101参与斑节对虾的先天免疫反应,在金黄色葡萄球菌和哈维弧菌的刺激的情况下,该基因RNA水平的表达情况发生明显变化。     

紫刺参早期生长发育与体色形成的研究

本研究对紫刺参胚胎和幼体发育过程进行了显微观测,比较分析了其幼体早期生长情况与体色形成过程。结果表明:(1)在水温21.0±0.2℃条件下,紫刺参受精卵在受精10～15min后释放第一极体,5h 30min～6h 30min进入囊胚期, 18～20h发育成原肠胚; 30～34h进入耳状幼体阶段, 8～10d变态发育为樽形幼体, 12～14d发育成稚参;紫刺参胚胎和幼体发育时序与普通刺参无显著差异。(2)紫刺参早期发育中的樽形幼体发生率和附着变态率分别为58.4±4.7%和45.1±2.7%,高于普通刺参。(3)紫刺参浮游阶段后期随日龄增长表现出较普通刺参发育更快的优势,在日龄6～7d表现出显著差异(P0.05)。(4)紫刺参稚参在日龄35d前后自背部开始着色,50d～60d腹部开始着色,110d体表紫色转变近乎成参体色,完成变色过程。     

国际蓝碳合作发展与中国的选择

海洋储存了地球上93%的CO_2,是全球最大的碳库。发挥海洋固碳、储碳作用,对应对全球气候变化具有重要意义。《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《巴黎协定》是2020年后国际气候治理的基础,为国际蓝碳合作指明了方向,也提供了国际法依据。当前,国际蓝碳合作从科学研究向纳入国际气候治理方向不断推进,不少国际组织和国家已着手推动蓝碳国际规则制定。中国蓝碳资源分布广泛,特色鲜明,蓝碳发展起步阶段里中国的参与不仅是对全球应对气候变化的重要贡献,更有助于通过蓝碳合作增强我国在全球气候治理和海洋治理领域的影响力和话语权。我国蓝碳发展应从国内、国际两个方面着手。在国内夯实基础、补足短板,加强蓝碳基础研究和实践,建立蓝碳评估标准,加快蓝碳人才队伍建设。在国际上积极参与现有国际蓝碳计划,在"21世纪海上丝绸之路"等机制框架下开展双、多边蓝碳合作,推动全球蓝碳治理,从积极参与向适时引领发展。     

长江口外潮汐精细化模型研究与精度分析

长江口外海上测量除受风浪影响较大外,最重要的问题是潮位控制非常困难。文中简要阐述了开展长江口外潮汐精细化模型研究的方法,介绍了利用潮汐精细化模型对长江口外航路任意点进行潮汐预报的方法,并通过实测数据进行了精度分析,提出了建议。     

大连长兴岛海域疏浚区GF-1 WFV影像悬浮物遥感反演研究

利用2017年8-9月期间大连长兴岛海域实测遥感反射率、悬浮物浓度及GF-1 WFV数据,研究了该区域悬浮物浓度的遥感反演算法,发现遥感反射率与悬浮物浓度的散点图存在两种不同的变化趋势,将2008-2015年期间辽东湾内其它海域的数据与长兴岛海域数据进行叠加后,可初步推断产生两种变化趋势的主要原因在于疏浚区与非疏浚区悬浮物的粒径大小不同,导致其光学特性和反演算法也存在差异。将两种算法分别应用于2017年9月20日辽东湾及长兴岛近岸海域的GF-1 WFV4影像,发现采用非疏浚区算法反演长兴岛海域悬浮物浓度时,出现明显的低估现象,而疏浚区算法则能较好地反映出疏浚施工过程中悬浮物的分布规律,具有较好的工程应用价值。