公益性标准地图服务平台的建设与思考

以《地图管理条例》实施为契机,以服务公众和繁荣地图发展为宗旨,创新地图服务模式和机制,设计研发了公益性标准地图服务平台,发布了首批公益性标准地图。平台旨在为公众提供正确的地图数据和实用的地图服务,一方面提供了免费的中国地图、世界地图、专题地图等标准地图的下载服务,另一方面实现了公众在线自助制图功能。笔者以构建国家级公益性标准地图服务平台为目标,对如何为公众提供更优质的公益性地图服务进行了深入思考。     

Overview of Ecological Restoration Technologies and Evaluation Systems

Ecological degradation is a global problem, and ecological restoration technologies have played and will continue to play an important role in its mitigation. However, the lack of systematic research and evaluations of ecological technologies has thus far affected their effective application in vulnerable ecological regions. This study therefore provides an overview of the main technologies for remediating soil and water erosion, desertification, and rock desertification in China and throughout the world. It addresses key issues and recommends approaches for evaluating ecological restoration technologies. Restoration technology emerged as early as 1800. Over the years such technology has changed from single objective applications to multi-purpose, multi-objective applications employing strategies that take into account ecosystem rehabilitation and integrated ecological and socioeconomic development. Along with this technological evolution, different countries have taken pertinent actions as part of their restoration initiatives. However, key issues remain, including the lack of location-specific restoration technologies and a methodological strategy to assess and prioritize existing technologies. This study proposes a four-level analytical hierarchical framework in conjunction with an indicator system that highlights the establishment and adaptation of associative indicators, while also recommending a three-phase evaluation method (TheMert), targeting TheMert to qualitative (quick and extensive) and quantitative (detailed) evaluations in order to select the most appropriate restoration technologies available. This study can also be used as a basis for understanding the evaluation and prioritization of restoration technologies, while increasing the awareness of decision makers and the public on the role of technology in restoring degraded ecosystems.     

地面气象测报业务试题库自动化管理系统

将地面气象观测规范、地面气象观测、气象学等多项知识形成题库,利用VB6编程、Access 2003数据库及Word 2003文字处理软件,研制了地面气象测报业务试题库自动化管理系统,实现了以下主要功能:用户管理、数据库管理、试题库维护、自动生成试卷、试卷编辑打印。着重阐述该系统的设计思路、技术方法、功能实现及使用效果。     

Origin of EL3 chondrites: Evidence for variable C/O ratios during their course of formation—A state of the art scrutiny

Mineral inventories of enstatite chondrites; (EH and EL) are strictly dictated by combined parameters mainly very low dual oxygen (fO₂) and sulfur (fS₂) fugacities. They are best preserved in the Almahata Sitta MS‐17, MS‐177 fragments, and the ALHA 77295 and MAC 88136 Antarctic meteorites. These conditions induce a stark change of the geochemical behavior of nominally lithophile elements to chalcophile or even siderophile and changes in the elemental partitioning thus leading to formation of unusual mineral assemblages with high abundance of exotic sulfide species and enrichment in the metallic alloys, for example, silicides and phosphides. Origin and mode of formation of these exotic chondrites, and their parental source regions could be best scrutinized by multitask research experiments of the most primitive members covering mineralogical, petrological, cosmochemical, and indispensably short‐lived isotopic chronology. The magnitude of temperature and pressure prevailed during their formation in their source regions could eventually be reasonably estimated: pre‐ and postaccretionary could eventually be deduced. The dual low fugacities are regulated by the carbon to oxygen ratios estimated to be >0.83 and <1.03. These parameters not only induce unusual geochemical behavior of the elements inverting many nominally lithophile elements to chalcophile or even siderophile or anthracophile. Structure and mineral inventories in EL3 and EH3 chondrites are fundamentally different. Yet EH3 and EL3 members store crucial information relevant to eventual source regions and importantly possible variation in C/O ratio in the course of their evolution. EL3 and EH3 chondrites contain trichotomous lithologies (1) chondrules and their fragments, (2) polygonal enstatite‐dominated objects, and (3) multiphase metal‐rich nodules. Mineralogical and cosmochemical inventories of lithologies in the same EL3 indicate not only similarities (REE inventory and anomalies in oldhamite) but also distinct differences (sinoite‐enstatite‐graphite relationship). Oldhamite in chondrules and polygonal fragments in EL3 depict negative Eu anomaly attesting a common cosmochemical source. Metal‐dominated nodules in both EL3 and EH3 are conglomerates of metal clasts and sulfide fragments in EH3 and concentrically zoned C‐bearing metal micropebbles (≥25 μm ≤50 μm) in EL3 thus manifesting a frozen in unique primordial accretionary metal texture and composition. Sinoite‐enstatite‐diopside‐graphite textures reveal a nucleation and growth strongly suggestive of fluctuating C/O ratio during their nucleation and growth in the source regions. Mineral inventories, sulfide phase relations, sinoite‐enstatite‐graphite intergrowth, carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of graphite, spatial nitrogen abundance in graphite in metal nodules, and last but not least ¹²⁹I/¹²⁹Xe and ⁵³Mn/⁵³Cr systematics negate any previously suggested melting episode, pre‐accretionary or dynamic, in parental asteroids.     

川中灯影组碳酸盐岩岩溶地层测井响应特征

川中磨溪-高石地区震旦系灯影组受桐湾运动Ⅰ幕和Ⅱ幕的影响,致使灯二段及灯四段顶部遭受风化剥蚀,区内大规模发育的溶蚀孔洞在测井曲线上具有明显的响应特征。通过对研究区的钻井、常规测井及FMI成像等资料分析,将研究区岩溶剖面从上而下分为地表岩溶带、垂直渗流岩溶带、水平潜流岩溶带及深部缓流岩溶带。研究表明,地表岩溶带由风化残余物杂乱堆积而成,水平潜流岩溶带顺层孔洞发育,二者是研究区储层最为发育层位;渗流岩溶带储层较发育,深部潜流带储层不发育。从区域上看,研究区位于古岩溶斜坡带,从南西向北东方向,岩溶作用逐渐增强。     

赣南淘锡坑石英脉型钨矿床成矿机制探讨:来自流体包裹体的证据

赣南地区淘锡坑钨矿床是典型的大型石英脉型钨锡多金属矿床。矿体赋存于震旦系浅变质砂(板)岩,并延伸至深部花岗岩内,按空间产出位置分为内带矿体和外带矿体,包括宝山、西山、烂埂子、枫岭坑4大脉组,矿体产出各不相同,矿物组合也具有明显分带特征。在详细的岩相学研究基础上,文章选择淘锡坑主成矿期石英为研究对象,并与共生黑钨矿作对比,从空间角度开展不同脉组、不同矿体或中段的流体包裹体的对比研究。根据流体包裹体岩相学,石英包裹体类型有H_2O-NaCl型包裹体(Ⅰ型)、H_2O-NaCl-CO_2型包裹体(Ⅱ型)和纯CO_2体系裹体(Ⅲ型)及少量含石盐子晶的多相包裹体,并同时捕获贫CO_2的盐水溶液包裹体和纯CO-2气相包裹体。包裹体显微测温结果显示:内、外带石英脉气液两相的包裹体均具有较宽温度和盐度范围,外带均一温度和盐度w(NaCl_(eq))分别集中于200～220℃、1%～6%,内带均一温度和盐度w(NaCleq)分别集中于100～220℃、3%～7%,流体为中-低盐度、富含CO_2的H_2O-CO_2-NaCl体系,不同脉组不同矿脉之间对比结果均显示出多期成矿的特征。在矿脉形成过程中,流体的成分和温度在内外接触带有明显变化,表明岩体与围岩接触界面是造成淘锡坑矿床内带矿体和外带矿体的成矿条件改变的转折位置,成矿流体在此附近发生CO_2逸失引起相分离的不混溶作用是成矿的主要因素。     

Geomorphology and sediment dynamics of the Liyashan oyster reefs,Jiangsu Coast,China

Oyster reefs and their spatial patterns are deemed to change the local hydrodynamic condition and exert profound impacts on the grain size, concentration and transportation of suspended sediments. Meanwhile, high suspended sediment concentration often results in excess mortality among oysters. Oyster reefs are rare and vital ecosystem in Liyashan national marine park, Jiangsu Coast, China. However, urgent conservation efforts should be made on account of the drastic reduction in reef areas. To investigate the sediment dynamics and the geomorphology, two tripod observation systems were deployed and UAV aerial surveys with elevation measurement using Real Time Kinematic (RTK) were also carried out. High mud content (60%) was found in the bed sediment at the reef ridge, causing much lower drag coefficient than other recorded values of living oyster reefs, indicating the death of oysters and the degradation of reefs in Liyashan. Ridgelines of the string reefs at 45° to the current direction and high suspended sediment concentration in the water body (50–370 mg/L) that exceeds the threshold (200 mg/L), which would affect nutrient uptake efficiency and further result in gill saturation, decrease of clearance rate and associated deposition, were probably crucial causes of the death of oysters. The findings are useful for restoring natural oyster reefs and designing artificial reefs for nature-based coastal defense.     

鄂尔多斯盆地直罗组—安定组沉积期原始边界恢复

有关中生代鄂尔多斯盆地各时期原始沉积面貌的探讨,长期以来深受关注但认识和研究程度不一,其中对于直罗组—安定组沉积期的研究尤为薄弱。本文针对鄂尔多斯克拉通内大型坳陷型盆地的属性及其演化-改造特点,从今盆地及邻区残存沉积建造、现今构造格局两方面出发,在大量野外露头观测、钻井与测井资料分析及实验测试基础上,通过系统的地层划分与对比、沉积相分析、物源综合分析和对周邻构造单元形成演化史的分析,认为直罗组—安定组沉积期盆地的原始沉积边界大致为:东在今太行山脉以西;北在今河套盆地一带;西北部边界在狼山—巴彦浩特盆地—科学山一带;西南部边界在今六盘山西缘;南部边界在今渭河盆地一带。自盆地周缘向湖盆中心有大致7个方向的物源供给,沉积中心位于原始盆地中心偏南。该期盆地的演化记录了华北克拉通西部由印支期的南北分异向燕山期东西分异的转变过程与时限。该研究对于构建完整的中生代鄂尔多斯盆地演化时空坐标和铀矿、石油等能源矿产勘探评价具有理论和实际意义。     

冷空气活动频繁强对流天气致灾——2007年5月

2007年5月,全国平均气温为17.1℃,比常年同期偏高1.5℃,为1951年以来历史同期最高值.全国平均降水量为59.7mm,较常年同期（67.0mm）略偏少.5月上中旬,西北东部、华北、黄淮温高雨少,干旱严重,下旬出现有效降水,旱区旱情得到缓解;部分地区遭受暴雨或雷雨大风、冰雹等强对流天气袭击;北方地区出现6次沙尘天气过程,较2000-2006年同期偏多;5月下旬,华北、黄淮出现今年以来范围最大的一次高温天气.今年第二号（0702号）强台风玉兔于5月17日在西北太平洋洋面上生成,但对我国近海没有产生影响.     

“双低”技术在主动脉CTA中的可行性研究

目的:评价“双低”技术在主动脉CT血管造影(CTA)中的图像质量和辐射剂量,探讨其临床应用可行性。方法:前瞻性将90例临床似诊为主动脉疾病患者随机分为常规组和双低组(n=45)。常规组:120kVp、对比剂量1.5mL/kg(浓度350mgI/mL)。双低组:100kVp、对比剂量1.0mL/kg(浓度300mgI/mL)。两组的其他扫描参数相同,开启自动管电流调制(ATCM)和Smart prep技术。读取CTA剂量报告中的CT容积剂量指数(CTDIvol)、剂量长度乘积(DLP);记录每位患者对比剂用量并计算碘含量。由2位副主任医师对图像质量进行主观和客观评价,评价内容包括:靶血管和背景的CT值,图像的信噪比(SNR)及对比噪声比(CNR),主动脉及分支血管显示情况和血管锐利程度。采取两独立样本t检验来比较两组的临床资料、辐射剂量、碘含量、图像质量的主观及客观评价等指标。结果:两组在年龄、身高、身体质量指数(BMI)均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。双低组患者接受辐射剂量和碘含量均明显低于常规组,两组差异有明显统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组图像的主观评价差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。客观评价:两组在主动脉主干及分支的CT值均>300HU,之间差异不具有统计学意义(P>0.05);两组SNR、CNR之间差异不具有统计学意义(P>0.05),双低组图像噪声略高于常规组,噪声在诊断范围内。结论:应用100kVp、对比剂量1.0mL/kg(浓度300mgI/mL),结合ATCM技术在主动脉CTA检查是可行的,优势是有效降低了辐射剂量和对比剂碘量,同时能满足临床诊断要求。