Wave Height Estimation from SAR Imagery

This paper presents a method developed for estimating wave height from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery without prior assumption of noise distribution. It is based on two-dimenslonal ocean wave spectra retrieved from fully calibrated SAR images. Wen‘s spectrum was used as first-guess wave spectrum in the retrieval process. Comparison of the estimated wave height obtained by this method from two ERS-1 SAR subimages dated 23 July 1994 with in-situ measurements showed that the method works well.     

Mercury distribution and accumulation in typical wetland ecosystems of Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Total mercury in soil,water,plant,insects,fishes and bird feathers were determined to study mercury distribution and accumulation in typical wetland ecosystems in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China.Results show that total mercury concentrations in soils of Deyeuxia angustifolia wetland and Carex lascarpa wetland are 0.046 mg/kg and 0.063 mg/kg,respectively.Total mercury concentration in water bodies is 0.053 μg/L on average.Of four plants studied,total mercury in moss is the highest with the mean of 0.132 mg/kg.Of 10 terrestrial insect species studied,total mercury in centipede(Scolopendra spp.) is the highest with the mean of 0.515 mg/kg while total mercury in grasshopper(Oxya spp.) bodies is the lowest.Total mercury concentrations in the herbivorous,omnivorous and predatory insects are 10.18 ng/g,16.47 ng/g and 213.35 ng/g on average,respectively.Total mercury concentrations of the adult feather(549.88 ± 63.04 ng/g),nestling feather(55.15 ± 23.53 ng/g),and eggshell(22.05 ± 5.96 ng/g) of the Grey heron(Ardea cinerea) are higher than those of the Great egret(Egretta alba)(adult feather:446.57 ± 90.89 ng/g;nestling feather:32.99 ± 17.15 ng/g;eggshell:21.02 ± 3.17 ng/g) in the wetlands of the Sanjiang Plain.The bioconcentration factors decrease in the order of piscivorous fish muscle > omnivorous fish muscle > herbivorous fish > insect.     

Ingestion of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brachionus plicatilis</Emphasis> under different microalgae conditions

The effects of four microalgae,Chlorella vulgaris,Platymonas helgolandicavar,Isochrysis galbana,and Nitzschia closterium on the grazing and filtering rates of the marine rotifer,Brachionus plicatilis,were evaluated under laboratory conditions.The grazing rates in separate cultures of the four microalga were as follows:C.vulgaris > P.helgolandicavar > I.galbana > N.closterium.However,the filtering rates occurred in the following order:P.helgolandicavar > N.closterium > C.vulgaris > I.galbana.A mixed diets ex...     

塔里木盆地寒武系烃源岩分布的重新认识及其意义

塔里木盆地台盆区海相烃源岩的分布是制约油气勘探的主控因素,在构造—古地理背景分析基础上,通过典型井地球化学分析结合测井标定与地震追踪,重新厘定寒武系主力烃源岩分布。结果表明,东部烃源岩主要分布在中-下寒武统泥页岩中,西部烃源岩主要分布在下寒武统泥页岩中,中-上寒武统—下奥陶统碳酸盐岩缺乏有效烃源岩,单井纵向厚度标定东部低于100 m、西部低于40 m,远低于早期预测厚度。寒武系烃源岩并非满盆分布,主要分布在满东凹陷、满西台内洼,并发现塔西南南缘可能发育大面积陆缘斜坡烃源岩,而巴楚—麦盖提、塘古—塔中、塔北等基底古隆起区缺乏烃源岩。受控前寒武纪古隆起与寒武纪弱伸展背景影响,寒武系发育4种构造背景下的烃源岩：主要为台间盆、台内洼烃源岩,以及可能存在被动陆缘斜坡、板块边缘裂谷烃源岩。     

基于遥感的黄河三角洲蒸散的动态分析

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important parameter for water resource management. Compared to the traditional ET computation and measurement methods, the ET computation method based on remote sensing has the advantages of quickness, precision, raster mapping and regional scale. SEBAL, an ET computation model using remote sensing method is based on the surface energy balance equation which is a function of net radiance flux, soil heat flux, sensible heat flux and latent heat flux. The former three fluxes can be computed through the parameters retrieved from remote sensing image, then the latent heat flux can be obtained to provide energy for ET. Finally we can obtain the daily ET. In this study SEBAL was applied to compute ET in the Yellow River Delta of China where water resource faces a rigorous situation. Three Landsat TM images and meteorology data of 1999 were used for ET computation, and spatial and temporal change patterns of ET in the Yellow River Delta were analysed.     

近年我国区域水文研究的若干进展

我国区域水文学的研究是在解放后其正发展起来的。尽管迄今人们对区域水文学仍有不同的认识,例如区域水文学是否可以与水文地理学等同,或是区域水文学是否应隶属于区域地理学等等,但是作为水文学的分支学科是无疑的。区域水文学从整体的观点来研究区域水文情势。区城可以是功能区,如城市、出口加工中心区等,或为自然景观区,如干旱区、喀斯特区等,也可以是行政区。目前,许多水文水利工作者已在致力于区域水文学的研究。     

西昆仑山南侧甜水海湖岩芯铁变化的环境记录

阐述了青藏高原西昆仑山南侧甜水海湖岩芯沉积物中氧化铁的丰度、频率分布和富集系数的变化规律。其丰度值范围FeO0．39％-3.95％，平均值为1．25％；Fe2O30．44％－8．09％，平均值为2．60％；Fe2O3／FeO0．21－3．60，平均比值1．12。说明该彻岩芯沉积物中铁平均丰度值较低，但其变化幅度较宽且清楚，在一定程度上反映了古气候环境具有较大幅度的波动。变异系数值表明，该湖岩芯沉积物中FeO的离散程度较Fe2O3大。大约距今23万年来氧化铁的沉积地球化学特征可划分出7个环境演化阶段，并基本上可与深海氧同位索阶段对比。揭示了甜水海湖演化与青藏高原强烈隆升引起的气候环境改变的密切关系。在距今23一15万年，沉积以河流相或冲积、洪积相为主，沉积环境以氧化环境为主导，气候以温干型波动；在距今15－7．4万年，沉积以湖相为主，沉积环境以还原环境为主导，气候以温湿型为主；在距今74万年以来，湖盆沉积环境多样化，沉积物以湖相和近源冲积、洪积相交替出现。气候出现冷湿、冷干、温湿和温干多种波动模式。这些资料分析初步认为甜水海古湖大约形成于距今15万年，即青藏高原第三成湖期，这也与青藏高原在距今15万年左右的再次构造隆升有关。     

超文本电子地图集系统

介绍了超文本电子地图集系统HEAS的若干概念,分析了现有地理信息系统的优点和弱点,介绍了超文本电子地图集系统的特性和武测超文本电子地图集实验系统方面的研究成果。     

单轴压缩与劈裂荷载下灰岩声发射b值特性研究

通过开展灰岩巴西劈裂和单轴压缩声发射试验,探讨两种加载方式下岩石破裂声发射b值特性及b值计算影响因素。结果表明,累积计算b值拟合度高,误差较小;步距为5 dB时不同门槛值下b值随时间变化的总体规律基本一致,选择5 dB的步距和40 dB的门槛值计算b值比较合理,能够降低非岩石破裂信号对b值变化的影响。由动态b值的波动程度可以看出,在劈裂荷载下灰岩损伤演化过程可分为3个阶段,即(0～40%)?c(?c为峰值强度)、(40%～90%)?c和(90%～100%)?c,而在单轴加载下可分为：(0～80%)?c和(80%～100%)?c两个阶段,且不同阶段岩石内部损伤的程度不同。在裂纹扩展阶段,相比单轴加载,劈裂荷载下动态b值增加较为稳定,但在整个破坏过程中劈裂荷载下动态b值波动更大,在单轴压缩和劈裂加载方式下b值的大小取决于灰岩破裂面上的结构性质及破裂模式。     

温室气体本底观测研究

简要介绍了限排温室气体的源、汇特点及其影响,概述了国内外温室气体本底观测研究的沿革及发展趋势,阐述了在我国深入开展该领域工作的紧迫性和必要性。