Possible NPP changes and risky ecosystem region identification in China during the 21st century based on BCC-CSM2

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Based on simulations by the Beijing Climate Center climate system model version 2 (BCC-CSM2), the possible changes in net primary productivity (NPP) of the...     

Bulk organic δC and C/N as indicators for sediment sources in the Pearl River delta and estuary,southern China

Preservation of organic matter in estuarine and coastal areas is an important process in the global carbon cycle. This paper presents bulk δ¹³C and C/N of organic matter from source to sink in the Pearl River catchment, delta and estuary, and discusses the applicability of δ¹³C and C/N as indicators for sources of organic matter in deltaic and estuarine sediments. In addition to the 91 surface sediment samples, other materials collected in this study cover the main sources of organic material to estuarine sediment. These are: terrestrial organic matter (TOM), including plants and soil samples from the catchment; estuarine and marine suspended particulate organic carbon (POC) from both summer and winter. Results show that the average δ¹³C of estuarine surface sediment increases from −25.0 ± 1.3‰ in the freshwater environment to −21.0 ± 0.2‰ in the marine environment, with C/N decreasing from 15.2 ± 3.3 to 6.8 ± 0.2. In the source areas, C₃ plants have lower δ¹³C than C₄ plants (−29.0 ± 1.8‰ and −13.1 ± 0.5‰ respectively). δ¹³C increases from −28.3 ± 0.8‰ in the forest soil to around −24.1‰ in both riverbank soil and mangrove soil due to increasing proportion of C₄ grasses. The δ¹³C_POC increases from −27.6 ± 0.8‰ in the freshwater areas to −22.4 ± 0.5‰ in the marine-brackish-water areas in winter, and ranges between −24.0‰ in freshwater areas and −25.4‰ in brackish-water areas in summer. Comparison of the δ¹³C and C/N between the sources and sink indicates a weakening TOM and freshwater POC input in the surface sedimentary organic matter seawards, and a strengthening contribution from the marine organic matter. Thus we suggest that bulk organic δ¹³C and C/N analysis can be used to indicate sources of sedimentary organic matter in estuarine environments. Organic carbon in surface sediments derived from anthropogenic sources such as human waste and organic pollutants from industrial and agricultural activities accounts for less than 10% of the total organic carbon (TOC). Although results also indicate elevated δ¹³C of sedimentary organic matter due to some agricultural products such as sugarcane, C₃ plants are still the dominant vegetation type in this area, and the bulk organic δ¹³C and C/N is still an effective indicator for sources of organic matter in estuarine sediments.     

松嫩平原湖泊的分类与分区

松嫩湖泊群的湖泊具有面积小,湖盆浅,密度大,类型多的特点。根据“成因－水量－水质”三要素的综合分类方案,运用三要素的三个主导指标和三个辅助指标,简明地将松湖泊进行了分类。根据湖泊群的区域环境及湖泊主导类型与类型结合的区域差异,将松嫩湖泊群划分为６个亚区。     

Paleolimnological features of a mega-lake phase in the Makgadikgadi Basin (Kalahari,Botswana) during Marine Isotope Stage 5 inferred from diatoms

The Makgadikgadi–Okavango–Zambezi basin (MOZB) is a structural depression in the south-western branch of the East African Rift System of the northern and middle Kalahari, central southern Africa. In the present day, the mainly dry subbasins of the MOZB are part of a long-lived lacustrine system that has likely existed since Early Pleistocene and from which an extant freshwater fish radiation emerged seeding all major river systems of southern Africa. During hydrologically favourable periods the subbasins were connected as a single mega-lake termed Lake Palaeo-Makgadikgadi. Previous geomorphological studies and OSL dates have provided evidence for repeated mega-lake periods since approximately 300 ka. The environmental and climatic implications of such large scale late Quaternary lake-level fluctuations are controversial, with the duration of mega-lake phases poorly constrained. Here, we present the first evidence for a Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5 mega-lake period (about 935–940 m a.s.l.) reconstructed from a diatom-rich, 30-cm-thick lacustrine sediment section, exposed close to a palaeo-shoreline of the Makgadikgadi Basin. Based upon the environmental setting and in comparison with sedimentation rates of other similar lake environments, we tentatively estimated that the highstand lasted approximately 1 ka during MIS 5d–b. The 30-cm section was sampled in 0.5-cm steps. Diatom species diversity ranges from 19 to 30 through the section. The dominant species are Pseudostaurosira brevistriata, Rhopalodia gibberula, Cyclotella meneghiniana and Epithemia sorex. The total of 60 sediment samples provide us with a record at decadal to bi-decadal resolution. Based on diatom assemblages and their oxygen isotope composition (δ¹⁸O) we infer an alkaline and mostly oligohaline lake with shallow water conditions prevailing in MIS 5, and is potentially analogous to a Heinrich event. The climate over southern Africa during MIS 5 has been considered very arid but the hydromorphological context of our sediment section indicates that we captured a mega-lake period providing evidence that short-term excursions to significantly higher humidity existed. A hydrologically more favourable environment during MIS 5 than formerly presumed is in line with the early human occupation of the Kalahari.     

南极普里兹湾沉积物稀土元素地球化学特征

利用中国第29次南极科学考察在南极普里兹湾获取的3个短柱样品,进行了稀土元素测试分析,探讨了普里兹湾海洋沉积物稀土元素特征、分布模式及其控制因素。结果表明,普里兹湾各站沉积物中稀土元素含量各异,但均具有与上陆壳、中山站变质岩相似的页岩标准化配分模式,整体表现为轻稀土富集型,说明其物源一致,具有明显的大陆地壳来源特征。结合沉积物粒度、化学元素、生源指标等分析其分布及富集规律,发现物源是控制研究区稀土元素组成的主要因素,同时生物作用会对稀土元素的含量产生稀释,但"粒度效应"在此并不明显。普里兹湾沉积物短柱稀土元素参数垂向变化,反映了百年尺度内物源输入、沉积环境的变化。各站δCe值普遍具有向下减小的趋势,反映了随深度增加沉积环境的氧化性逐渐减弱的特征。     

海河口和渤海湾潮流场和COD扩散的三维数值模拟

随着我国经济建设的蓬勃发展，工农业和城市生活产生的污染物日益增多。如何处理这些污染物成了一个急待解决的问题。将污染物化有毒为无毒，当然是最彻底的办法，但这样做花费巨大，我们目前尚难做到。目前最常用的办法是将污染物排放人海。但过多的排放，超过了海洋的自净能力，就会污染海洋环境和海洋资源，进而影响人民的健康。所以，须要对污染物排放人海的方式、地点等加以选择，并对其排放人海的数量、速率等加以控制。这就要求我们了解海区对污染物的净化能力和在国家规定的标准下海区对污染物的最大容量。为了很好地解决这个问题，我们必须了解特定海区对污染物的稀释扩散起重要作用的海水运动情况。1984年5, 8, 10三个月，我们在渤海湾海河口区进行了海上调查，并结合历史资料，以COD 为指示因子，进行了渤海湾有机污染物在潮流作用下稀释扩散的数值计算。     

Tephra Fallout Models: The Effect of Different Source Shapes on Isomass Maps

Numerous tephra dispersion and sedimentation models rely on some abstraction of the volcanic plume to simplify forecasts of tephra accumulation as a function of the distance from the volcano. Here we present solutions to the commonly used advection–dispersion equation using a variety of source shapes: a point, horizontal and vertical lines, and a circular disk. These may be related to some volcanic plume structure, such as a strong plume (vertical line), umbrella cloud (circular disk), or co-ignimbrite plume (horizontal line), or can be used to build a more complex plume structure such as a series of circular disks to represent a buoyant weak plume. Basing parameters upon eruption data, we find that depositions for the horizontal source shapes are very similar but differ from the vertical line source deposition. We also compare the deposition from a series of stacked circular disk sources of increasing radius above the volcanic vent with that from a vertical line source.     

2015/2016年冬季北极涛动异常活动及其对我国气温的影响

2015/2016年冬季,北极涛动(AO)季内变化特征明显。2015年12月,AO处在正位相,而到了2016年1月AO突然由正位相转为强负位相,导致极区冷空气南下,北半球和我国气温由暖转冷。AO由正位相转为负位相主要与北大西洋强风暴活动有关。2015年12月末,北大西洋上空有一气旋式强风暴出现,强风暴东侧西南气流将北大西洋上空大量的暖湿空气带向北极,导致北极气温迅速升高。北极气温迅速升高使得极区的位势高度场由偏低转为偏高,是导致AO由12月的正位相转为1月负位相的主要原因。     

基于数学形态学的阵风锋识别算法

提出基于数字图像处理技术中的数学形态学的阵风锋自动识别算法。该算法首先基于阵风锋的反射率因子窄带形态、速度辐合和快速移动特征,计算相邻时次体扫反射率因子差、速度切变和速度梯度这3个参量场,综合这3个参量场,得到一个二维特征量;然后采用数学形态学算法对这个二维特征量进行二值化、膨胀、腐蚀、细化、剪枝及线段联通等处理,得到一条反映阵风锋骨架特征的曲线。利用武汉雷达观测的2个阵风锋过程的共53个体扫数据进行阵风锋识别算法检验,结果表明:该算法正确识别阵风锋39个,错误识别3个,漏识别11个;识别曲线与阵风锋位置和走向较为一致。