论卡以头组的时代

中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所的有关人员 (1980 )曾做过大量地层古生物工作 ,证实卡以头砂页岩层或卡以头组的时代为三叠纪最早期 ,是飞仙关组底部地层的相变。“论卡以头组”一文认为该组下部的时代为二叠纪 ,上部则属三叠纪。对该文提供的地层古生物资料进行分析后 ,本文作者认为该论点缺乏证据 ,不能成立 ;将陆相的威宁哲觉剖面代替标准地点宣威羊场的过渡相剖面作为卡以头组的标准剖面 ,也是不合适的     

Ar-Ar and I-Xe ages and thermal histories of three unusual metal-rich meteorites

Portales Valley, Sombrerete, and Northwest Africa (NWA) 176 are three unrelated meteorites, which consist of silicate mixed with substantial amounts of metal and which likely formed at elevated temperatures as a consequence of early impacts on their parent bodies. Measured ³⁹Ar-⁴⁰Ar ages of these meteorites are 4477 ± 11 Ma and 4458 ± 16 Ma (two samples of Portales Valley), 4541 ± 12 Ma, and 4524 ± 13 Ma, respectively (Ma = million years; all one-sigma errors). The Ar-Ar data for Portales Valley show no evidence of later open system behavior suggested by some other chronometers. Measured ¹²⁹I-¹²⁹Xe ages of these three meteorites are 4559.9 ± 0.5 Ma, 4561.9 ± 1.0 Ma, and ∼4544 Ma, respectively (relative to Shallowater = 4562.3 ± 0.4 Ma). From stepwise temperature release data, we determined the diffusion characteristics for Ar and Xe in our samples and calculated approximate closure temperatures for the K-Ar and I-Xe chronometers. Adopting results and interpretations about these meteorites from some previous workers, we evaluated all these data against various thermal cooling models. We conclude that Portales Valley formed 4560 Ma ago, cooled quickly to below the I-Xe closure temperature, then cooled deep within the parent body at a rate of ∼4 °C/Ma through K-Ar closure. We conclude that Sombrerete formed 4562 Ma ago and cooled relatively quickly. NWA 176 likely formed and cooled quickly ∼4544 Ma ago, or later than formation times of most meteorite parent bodies. For all three meteorites, the Ar-Ar ages are in better agreement with I-Xe ages and preferred thermal models if we increase these Ar-Ar ages by ∼20 Ma. Such age corrections would be consistent with probable errors in ⁴⁰K decay parameters in current use, as suggested by others. The role of impact heating and possible disruption and partial reassembly of meteorite parent bodies to form some meteorites likely was an important process in the early solar system.     

祁连山新元古代——早古生代火山作用与铁-铜多金属成矿

祁连山造山带新元古代—早古生代是板块构造演化与成矿的最重要时段,铁、铜多金属矿产资源丰富,成矿作用与新元古代—早古生代火山作用密切相关。根据矿床产出构造位置,将祁连山铁、铜多金属矿床分为4类:大陆裂谷型铁(铜)矿床、岛弧-岛弧裂谷型铜多金属矿床、陆缘裂谷型铜多金属矿床、扩张脊型铜矿床。镜铁山铁(铜)型矿床是新元古代大陆裂谷火山作用过程中热水沉积作用的产物;东沟铜矿为晚寒武世大洋扩张脊火山作用的产物;白银矿田铜多属矿床是奥陶纪与岛弧-岛弧裂谷火山作用的产物;石居里铜矿是晚奥陶纪弧后扩张脊有关火山作用的产物;红沟铜矿则是晚奥陶世陆缘裂谷火山作用的产物。     

四川汶川Ms 8.0地震报道

据国家地震台网测定,北京时间2008年5月12日14时28分,在四川汶川县(北纬31度,东经103.4度)发生Ms 8.0级地震（图1）。宁夏、青海、甘肃、河南、山西、陕西、山东、云南、湖南、湖北、上海、重庆等省市均有震感……。这次地震造成约7万人死亡,1.7万人失踪,38多万人受伤,令人震撼。重灾区14个县（市）主要公路全部瘫痪,主要铁路、水库和城镇遭受重大破坏,特别是北川县城和映秀镇成为一片废墟,这次地震是继唐山地震之后我国又一个死亡和损失巨大的毁灭性地震。根据中国地震局台网中心和美国地质调查局公布资料,汶川地震的震中位于映秀镇西南2~3 km处,滑动面西倾,倾角40~59°,属于逆冲断裂型地震。主震之后一月时间内,记录了51次≥5级的余震,沿整个龙门山中段和北段分布。根据远程地震台站资料的反演结果显示汶川地震产生的破裂带长度超过300 km,震源深度在16~19 km,属于典型的大陆浅源地震,地震类型为单震—余震型,地震破裂属于单向扩展型,从西南震中区向北东方向快速扩展（图2）。汶川地震的发震构造为龙门山中央断裂带（传统上称为映秀-北川断裂）,是这条断裂向东逆冲运动的结果,从更大的大陆动力学尺度上考虑,这次地震破裂事件是印度/欧亚大陆持续汇聚作用下青藏高原向东扩展的表现（图3）。众所周知,龙门山构造带横亘于四川盆地和青藏高原之间,主体由三条主边界断裂组成,从西到东分别命名为茂-汶断裂、映秀-北川断裂、安县-灌县断裂。这些断裂主体形成于三叠纪印支运动时期,在中新生代多次活动。晚新生代以来,伴随着青藏高原向东构造挤出,龙门山构造带中、南段强烈挤压复活和基底拆离,形成青藏东缘宏伟的逆冲推覆构造和飞来峰群,其东缘映秀断裂向东逆冲运动,使彭-灌杂岩体推覆在龙门山前陆带中生界地层之上,推覆距离在几公里以上。野外调查和震后航空照片解译结果初步分析表明,汶川地震不仅使映秀-北川断裂发生破裂,摧毁了沿断裂带建设的所有城镇与乡村,最大地震烈度达到XI级,同时也使龙门山山前断裂带（灌县-安县断裂带）发生破裂。地震产生的地表破裂构造表现为地表拱曲、挤压脊、地震鼓包、张裂隙等。地表破裂构造几何特征指示断层由西向东逆冲运动,同震垂向位移量在2.5~3 m,北川以北伴有明显的右旋走滑分量。两个地点在这次地震中受到特别关注：一个汶川县映秀镇,另一个是北川县城。映秀镇靠近震中很近,映秀断裂恰好经过该镇,从而成为断裂的命名地点。它坐落在岷江及其支流的交汇处,其中发育至少三级河流阶地。汶川地震使该镇毁灭（图版Ⅰ）。北川县城远离震中150 km之遥,但整个县城完全被地震毁灭,是汶川地震中破坏程度最大、人员伤亡最多的县城。北川县城是北川断裂的命名地点,该断裂切过县城所在的峡谷地带,呈NE-SW向延伸。这次强震产生的动能不仅使北川县城产生毁灭性破坏,同时由于地震动触发的崩滑等山地灾害,导致人员的重大伤亡（图版Ⅱ）。汶川地震带给科学家带来诸多新的思考。历史地震记录显示,龙门山断裂带在历史上没有发生过>7级地震,中小地震数量也少。而位于龙门山断裂带以北的岷山构造带和以南的川滇断裂带,在历史上均发生过震级≧7级的强震,如1933年叠溪7.5级地震和1976年松潘7.2级地震（图4）,说明龙门山构造带长期处于构造应力能量的累积过程中。全球定位系统（GPS）重复测量结果也显示,横穿该带现今地壳近东西向缩短率很小,数量级在1~2 mm/a,与青藏高原其他边缘相比相对较弱。这种小应变构造区孕育大地震,在世界其它大陆地区很少见,其机理和破裂过程需要科学家深入的研究和持续的探索。     

Cryptic sequence boundaries in braided fluvial successions

In braided fluvial deposits, consisting of monotonous successions of sandstone or conglomerate, it may be difficult to distinguish regionally significant bounding surfaces (sequence boundaries) from autogenic channel-scour surfaces. Major surfaces may be characterized by erosional relief and draped by lag deposits, but not all sequence boundaries show these characteristics. Other clues to the presence of a major surface are sharp changes in detrital composition, shifts in regional palaeocurrent trends and evidence of early diagenesis of the sandstones immediately below the sequence boundary. Examples of these attributes of cryptic sequence boundaries are illustrated from three Mesozoic units in the Colorado Plateau area of the United States. In the Chinle Formation (Triassic), near Moab, Utah, angular intraformational unconformities overlie sandstones showing evidence of early diagenesis. In the Castlegate Sandstone (Upper Cretaceous) of east-central Utah, a cryptic sequence boundary can be discriminated from other erosion surfaces by the evidence of detrital petrography and early diagenesis. Palaeocurrent data indicate changes in regional palaeoslope at two sequence boundaries within this unit. Evidence of early diagenesis is also present at a sequence boundary in the Kayenta Formation (Jurassic) of westernmost Colorado.     

北祁连块状硫化物矿床中矿石和主要矿石矿物地球化学特征

对北祁连山白银矿田和郭密寺矿田中主要矿床的矿石和矿石矿物组分特征研究表明，由于各矿田的成矿条件和地球化学背景存在差异，造成不同矿床的矿石和矿石矿物元素组合各具特色。但作为同一类型矿床，它们之间又有很多共性，特别是同一矿田内各矿床的地球化学特征具有相似性和过渡性，反映了成矿条件变化的趋势。     

断裂构造研究进展对工程地质学的启示

在长期地质作用下形成的岩体和岩体结构是工程地质学研究的基本内容，它们的形成和演化主要受控于构造作用，而系统地解析体所经历的构造作用是认知岩体结构，抽象和概括岩体工程地质模型的突破口，因此，重视和应用现代构造地质学研究的新理论，新方法必将会对岩体工程地质学研究起着重要的指导意义。本文系统总结了与工程地质研究相关的现代构造地质学理论和思维观的研究进展，在此基础上分析了这些理论方法对工程地质工作的启示和指导意义，希望起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

Modeling of packed absorption tower for volatile organic compounds emission control

Development of chemical industry and high vapor pressure of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been caused that these materials recently be considered as a source of air pollution. These are different methods for separation of VOC from air that absorption by suitable and selective solvent is an efficient method. In this research, mathematical modeling of a packed absorption tower for separation of VOCs from air has been presented. Then, acetone vapors separation in this tower and with Intalox saddle packing has been investigated. Concentration of acetone in inlet air stream was 1.5 mol % which has reduced to 150 ppm (0.015 mol %) in effluent air stream. The results show that the packed absorption tower with this type of packing can separate 99% of acetone vapors. Comparison of the results obtained by Intalox saddle packing with the results obtained by another type of packing (with trade mark of Kerapak patented by Sulzer Company) shows that the tower gives the same efficiency for acetone separation. Thus, the efficiency of absorption process, mainly, depends on solvent type, composition of VOC in feed air, desired composition of VOC in outlet air (or percentage of VOC separation) and pressure drop.     

A Quantitative Evaluation of Shale Gas Content in Different Occurrence States of the Longmaxi Formation: A New Insight from Well JY-A in the Fuling Shale Gas Field,Sichuan Basin

Comprehensive quantitative evaluation of shale gas content and the controlling factors in different occurrence states is of great significance for accurately assessing gas-bearing capacity and providing effective well-production strategies. A total of 122 core samples from well JY-A in the Fuling shale gas field were studied to reveal the characteristics of S_1 l shale,15 of which were selected to further predict the shale gas content in different occurrence states, which are dependent on geological factors in the thermal evolution process. Geological parameters were researched by a number of laboratory programs, and the factors influential in controlling shale gas content were extracted by both PCA and GRA methods and prediction models were confirmed by the BE method using SPSS software. Results reveal that the adsorbed gas content is mainly controlled by TOC, Ro, SSA, PD and pyrite content, and the free gas content is mainly controlled by S_2, quartz content, gas saturation and formation pressure for S_1 l in well JY-A. Three methods, including the on-site gas desorption method, the empirical formula method, and the multiple regression analysis method were used in combination to evaluate the shale gas capacity of well JY-A, all of which show that the overall shale gas content of well JY-A is in the range of 2.0–5.0 m~3/t and that the free gas ratio is about 50%, lower than that of well JY-1. Cause analysis further confirms the tectonics and preservation conditions of S_1 l in the geological processes, especially the influence of eastern boundary faults on well JY-A, as the fundamental reasons for the differences in shale gas enrichment in the Jiaoshiba area.     

滇西北衙铁金多金属矿床成矿地质特征及其两阶段成矿过程研究——以万硐山矿段为例

滇西北衙铁金多金属矿床为西南三江富碱斑岩-多金属成矿带中南段典型矿床之一,成矿严格受富碱斑岩及其相关的深大断裂控制,伴随多期富碱斑岩脉体侵入、热液交代与围岩蚀变、矿物质富集及次生富集过程,构成了复杂的斑岩-矽卡岩成矿系统和地表次生成矿系统。文章以万硐山露天采场区大比例尺地质填图为基础,重新厘定和梳理各地质体及其间相互关系,取得了万硐山矿段详细的成矿地质特征及原生矿化的两阶段成矿新认识。