More than Carbon Stocks： A Case Study of Ecosystem-based Benefits of REDD＋ in Indonesia

During the 15th Conference of the Parties(COP 15),Parties agreed that reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and enhancing ’removals of greenhouse gas emission by forests’(REDD+) in developing countries through positive incentives under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC) was capable of dealing with global emissions.As REDD+ seeks to lower emissions by stopping deforestation and forest degradation with an international payment tier according to baseline scenarios,opportunities for ecosystem benefits such as slowing habitat fragmentation,conservation of forest biodiversity,soil conservation may be also part of this effort.The primary objective of this study is to evaluate ecosystem-based benefits of REDD+,and to identify the relationships with carbon stock changes.To achieve this goal,high resolution satellite images are combined with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) to identify historical deforestation in study area of Central Kalimantan,Indonesia.The carbon emissions for the period of 2000-2005 and 2005-2009 are 2.73 × 10 5 t CO 2 and 1.47 × 10 6 t CO 2 respectively,showing an increasing trend in recent years.Dring 2005-2009,number of patches(NP),patch density(PD),mean shape index distribution(SHAPE_MN) increased 30.8%,30.7% and 7.6%.Meanwhile,largest patch index(LPI),mean area(AREA_MN),area-weighted mean of shape index distribution(SHAPE_AM),neighbor distance(ENN_MN) and interspersion and juxtaposition index(IJI) decreased by 55.3%,29.7%,15.8%,53.4% and 21.5% respectively.The area regarding as positive correlation between carbon emissions and soil erosion was approximately 8.9 × 10 3 ha corresponding to 96.0% of the changing forest.These results support the view that there are strong synergies among carbon loss,forest fragmentation and soil erosion in tropical forests.Such mechanism of REDD+ is likely to present opportunities for multiple benefits that fall outside the scope of carbon stocks.     

Estimating areal carbon fixation of intertidal macroalgal community based on composition dynamics and laboratory measurements

The community dynamics and potential carbon ?xation of intertidal macroalgae were investigated monthly from April 2014 to April 2015 in the northwest coast of Yellow Sea. Seasonal variations in biomass and carbon ?xation were presented and showed close relationship with community structure.The carbon ?xation rate ranged from 0.48±0.13 mg C/(g FW ·d) to 4.35±0.12 mg C/(g FW ·d). Sargassum thunbergii, Chondrus ocellatus and Ulva intestinalis were three most in?uential species which contributed27%, 21.9% and 18.5% variation of carbon ?xation rate, respectively. Standing carbon stocks ranged from7.52 g C/m~2 to 41.31 g C/m~2, and estimated carbon stocks varied from 11.77 g C/m 2 to 96.49 g C/m~2. The larger dif ference between estimated and standing carbon stocks implied that more ?xed carbon was exported from the community in summer and autumn than in winter. This study suggested that intertidal macroalgal community could provide a potential function in carbon ?xation of coastal ecosystem.     

基于DMSP/OLS稳定夜间灯光数据的中国1995-2008年电力消费量时空动态研究(英文)

Electric power consumption (EPC) is one of the basic indices for evaluating electric power use. Obtaining timely and accurate data on the spatiotemporal dynamics of EPC is crucial for understanding and practical deployment of electric power resources. In this study, an EPC model was developed using stable nighttime lights time-series data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS). The model was used to reconstruct the spatial patterns of EPC in Chinese Mainland at the county level from 1995 to 2008. In addition, the spatiotemporal dynamics of EPC were analyzed, and the fol-lowing conclusions were drawn. (1) The EPC model reliably represented the spatiotemporal dynamics of EPC in Chinese Mainland with approximately 70% accuracy. (2) The EPC in most regions of Chinese Mainland was at low to moderate levels, with marked temporal and spatial variations; of high-level EPC, 58.26% was concentrated in eastern China. Six urban agglomerations (Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region, Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou region, Pearl River Delta, Shandong Peninsula, middle-south of Liaoning Province, and Sichuan Basin) accounted for 10.69% of the total area of Chinese Mainland but consumed 39.23% of the electricity. (3) The EPC of most regions in Chinese Mainland increased from 1995 to 2008, and 64% of the mainland area showed a significant increase in EPC. Moderate increases in EPC were found in 61.62% of eastern China and 80.65% of central China from 1995 to 2008, whereas 75.69% of western China showed no significant increase in EPC. Meanwhile, 77.27%, 89.35%, and 66.72% of the Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou region, Pearl River Delta, and Shandong Peninsula, respectively, showed high-speed increases in EPC. Moderate increases in EPC occurred in 71.12% and 72.13% of the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region and middle-south of Liaoning Province, respectively, while no significant increase occurred in 56.34% of the Sichuan Basin.     

大同—阳高Ms6.1地震前兆综合加权信息熵的变化

利用“地震预报计算机专家系统”的思想对大同 -阳高 Ms6 .1地震前每一前兆异常事件进行综合评估 ,以每一异常的最可能发震时间来计算发震概率 ,利用地震前兆综合加权信息熵研究了系统熵值与地震的关系。对华北地区的地震前兆综合加权信息熵研究表明 ,在大同 -阳高 Ms6 .1地震前 ,信息熵出现了明显的减熵有序变化     

黄河下游窄河道挖河疏浚是维持黄河健康生命的重要措施之一

黄河水利委员会提出了“维持黄河健康生命”的治河新理念,把维持黄河健康生命作为黄河开发与管理的终极目标。“堤防不决口,河道不断流,污染不超标,河床不抬高”是实现其终极目标的4个主要标志。河床不抬高就要通过综合措施解决泥沙问题,包括上中游拦减人黄泥沙,中下游采取人工调控水沙“关系”,在黄河下游挖河疏浚。在黄河下游窄河道特别是在河口地区挖河疏浚,减少其对下游河道的反馈影响,是维持黄河健康生命的重要措施之     

中国国家自然地图集Internet版的设计和研制

本文系统阐述了国家自然地图集Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ版的设计和研制过程中的若干问题,包括系统的概念设计、系统开发中的ＷｅｂＧＩＳ技术和策略,系统的主要功能和特色,以及系统维护和更新方案等。本系统从概念设计来看分为服务器端软件模块、浏览器端软件模块、国家自然地图集数据库支持等几个部分。系统开发中采取的ＷｅｂＧＩＳ技术和策略有:兼顾服务器端和客户端的综合型ＷｅｂＧＩＳ策略,基于Ｊａｖａ Ａｐｐｌｅｔ的 ＷｅｂＧＩＳ浏览器开发技术,基于Ｍａｐ Ｏｂｊｅｃｔ(ＭＯ)的ＷｅｂＧＩＳ服务器开发技术等３个方面。在系统的主要功能特色方面,本文从以下５个方面进行了论述:科学有序的内容结构、清晰精练并带导航的界面、富有特色的信息查询功能、多重表达的地图可视化效果、一定的空间信息分析和制图功能。在系统维护和更新方案上,本文从网络技术、数据更新、功能开发３个方面介绍了计划,并对今后的发展趋势进行了展望。     

海尔—波普彗星的CO（J=1—0）谱线的观测

使用紫金山天文台青海观测站13．7米毫米波射电望远镜,于1996年12月10日至1997年1月2日和1997年3月25日至1997年4月4日对海尔－波普彗星的CO分子J＝1—0转动跃迁谱线（频率为115．27120GHz）进行了观测．观测谱线表明,CO分子相对于地心的速度比彗星整体相对于地心的速度要小些,即有蓝移现象．这反映了CO分子是由该彗星迎着太阳的面以一定的速度产生出来的．从观测谱线中还初步估算了该彗星CO分子的产生速率．     

汉江上游郧县段黄土古土壤序列风化成壤特征以及成壤环境演变

对汉江上游进行野外实地详细调查,在湖北省郧县尚家河台地前沿发现了典型的全新世黄土-古土壤沉积剖面,通过粒度、磁化率、吸湿水和烧失量分析表明,黏粒、细粉砂、磁化率、吸湿水和烧失量在古土壤层S₀出现高值,在L₁、L_t、L₀为低值;而粗粉砂、细砂粒和粗砂粒在S₀为低值,在L₁、L_t、L₀为高值。这些指标的变化说明了全新世以来的气候和成壤环境的变化特征,即在古土壤S₀形成时期,气候温暖湿润,成壤作用非常强烈;黄土堆积时期气候相对干旱,成壤作用较弱。     

生物土壤结皮对一年生植物影响研究进展

生物土壤结皮在荒漠地区广泛分布,它的形成和演替深刻地改变了土壤表层的结构特征和理化性质,进而影响了荒漠地区一年生植物的种子传播、萌发、幼苗存活及生长过程。本文回顾了国内外有关生物土壤结皮对一年生植物影响的研究,综述了生物土壤结皮对一年生植物的土壤种子库、种子萌发、幼苗存活及生长过程的影响,分析了各研究结论中存在争议的原因,总结了生物土壤结皮对一年生植物种子传播、萌发、幼苗存活及生长影响的内在机理,指出了生物土壤结皮对荒漠地区植被组成的筛选作用,并对进一步的研究进行了展望。     

Radiative forcing over China due to albedo change caused by land cover change during 1990–2010

Land cover change affects surface radiation budget and energy balance by chang- ing surface albedo and further impacts the regional and global climate. In this article, high spatial and temporal resolution satellite products were used to analyze the driving mechanism for surface albedo change caused by land cover change during 1990-2010. In addition, the annual-scale radiative forcing caused by surface albedo changes in China＇s 50 ecological regions were calculated to reveal the biophysical mechanisms of land cover change affecting climate change at regional scale. Our results showed that the national land cover changes were mainly caused by land reclamation, grassland desertification and urbanization in past 20 years, which were almost induced by anthropogenic activities. Grassland and forest area decreased by 0.60% and 0.11%, respectively. The area of urban and farmland increased by 0.60% and 0.19%, respectively. The mean radiative forcing caused by land cover changes during 1990-2010 was 0.062 W/m2 in China, indicating a warming climate effect. However, spatial heterogeneity of radiative forcing was huge among different ecological regions. Farmland conversing to urban construction land, the main type of land cover change for the urban and suburban agricultural ecological region in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region, caused an albedo reduction by 0.00456 and a maximum positive radiative forcing of 0.863 WIm2, which was presented as warming climate effects. Grassland and forest conversing to farmland, the main type of land cover change for the temperate humid agricultural and wetland ecological region in Sanjiang Plain, caused an albedo increase by 0.00152 and a maximum negative radiative forcing of 0.184 W/m2, implying cooling climate effects.