六盘山区夏秋季大气水汽和液态水特征初步分析

六盘山区是中国典型的农牧交错带和生态脆弱带,也是黄土高原重要的水源涵养地、生态保护区及国家级扶贫开发区。利用2017年6-11月隆德气象站地基多通道微波辐射计资料,结合同期平凉探空站及隆德地面降水等观测资料,分析了六盘山区夏秋季大气水汽、液态水变化特征。结果表明：六盘山区夏秋季在降水天气背景下,大气水汽含量和液态水含量均较高,分别为无降水天气背景下的1.4倍和7.0倍;降水天气背景下水汽在5000 m以下有明显的增加,且在此高度范围内的水汽密度随高度的递减率比无降水天气背景下明显偏小;各高度层的液态水相比无降水天气背景下均有明显增大,除6月外,主峰值均出现在0℃层高度层以下。六盘山区夏秋季各月中,6-9月。大气水汽含量高值区均出现在正午到傍晚时段,低值区均出现在日出前后;液态水含量在日出前、午后及傍晚分别出现峰值,最明显的峰值出现在午后。对一次对流性降水天气过程分析后发现,降水发生前40 min大气水汽含量和液态水含量出现两次明显的跃增,水汽向上输送不断加强,2500-7500 m高度的相对湿度明显增大。     

Climate change in the 21st century simulated by HadGEM2-AO under representative concentration pathways

We present climate responses of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) using the coupled climate model HadGEM2-AO for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5). The RCPs are selected as standard scenarios for the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report and these scenarios include time paths for emissions and concentrations of greenhouse gas and aerosols and land-use/land cover. The global average warming and precipitation increases for the last 20 years of the 21st century relative to the period 1986-2005 are +1.1°C/+2.1% for RCP2.6, +2.4°C/+4.0% for RCP4.5, +2.5°C/+3.3% for RCP6.0 and +4.1°C/+4.6% for RCP8.5, respectively. The climate response on RCP 2.6 scenario meets the UN Copenhagen Accord to limit global warming within two degrees at the end of 21st century, the mitigation effect is about 3°C between RCP2.6 and RCP8.5. The projected precipitation changes over the 21st century are expected to increase in tropical regions and at high latitudes, and decrease in subtropical regions associated with projected poleward expansions of the Hadley cell. Total soil moisture change is projected to decrease in northern hemisphere high latitudes and increase in central Africa and Asia whereas near-surface soil moisture tends to decrease in most areas according to the warming and evaporation increase. The trend and magnitude of future climate extremes are also projected to increase in proportion to radiative forcing of RCPs. For RCP 8.5, at the end of the summer season the Arctic is projected to be free of sea ice.     

磁层顶日下点距离R_0与磁暴D_（st）指数的相关性

利用2004—2006年ACE、WIND卫星观测的太阳风数据和相应时期反映磁暴大小的Dst指数,针对200个不同级别的磁暴事件,分析了磁层顶日下点距离R0与磁暴Dst指数的线性相关性。分析显示,在极端太阳风条件下,Dst指数时间序列比借助于Chao Model计算出的磁层顶日下点距离R0的时间序列延迟了约3h。经修正时间延迟后,对磁层顶日下点距离R0与磁暴Dst指数的线性相关性进行分析。结果表明：发生超级磁暴时,二者线性相关系数的均值为0.77;大磁暴时,线性相关系数的均值为0.74;中等磁暴时,线性相关系数的均值为0.47。此外,用最小二乘数据拟合得到了不同级别磁暴时的R0-Dst关系图。     

东半球500hPa闭合低压系统的统计分析

通过分析５００ｈＰａ东半球闭合低压系统，研究其气候规律。低压活动次数有年际、月际、季际变化。低压活动于中高纬度带，主要集中于两大地区，第一区是西太平洋及大陆东岸，第二区是东欧地区。第一区中心夏季向西移到大陆上，强度增大，对中国气候有重要作用。低压中心高度值的频数分布是双峰型。低压生命期比阻塞高压还长些。强低压主要出现在大陆高纬地带和西太平洋。强发展的低压多数出现在西太平洋。亚洲低压移动路径有两条，一条从西西伯利亚北部到库页岛，一条从咸海东移到库页岛     

冷涡背景下MCS的统计分析

文章首先给出冷涡的定义,根据冷涡的定义识别出冷涡,2005—2011年4—9月7年共识别出60个冷涡,主要形成在蒙古和我国的东北地区。然后根据中尺度对流系统(MCS)的标准按尺度大小将MCS分类为α中尺度对流系统（MαCS）和β中尺度对流系统（MβCS）,又按MCS的形状将MαCS分类为中尺度对流复合体（MCC）和持续拉长状对流系统（PECS）,MβCS分类为β中尺度对流复合体（MβCC）和β中尺度持续拉长状对流系统（MβECS）。利用FY 2C(2005—2009年)和FY 2E（2010—2011年）的TBB资料对60个冷涡背景下的MCS进行识别并对其时空分布特征及其与冷涡的关系进行统计分析。结果表明：(1) 60个冷涡过程识别出61个MCS,MCS通常产生在我国东北和华北,MCC和PECS生成较分散;MβCC主要集中在华北和东北地区;MβECS主要集中在东北地区。(2) 6月生成的MCS最多,有16个,9月最少。MCS大多形成于当地的下午和晚上,此时对流发展旺盛,有利于中尺度对流系统的产生,到了夜间MCS发展成熟,至凌晨—日出时分消散。(3) 冷涡背景下的MCS的移动路径多数是从西向东偏北的,其生成后主要向东移动,这和我国中纬度西风带天气系统的移动路径基本一致,但由于受冷涡等天气系统的影响,会出现不同的移动方向。位于冷涡东侧且距离冷涡中心距离较近的MCS有向东偏北方向移动的趋势;位于冷涡南侧且距离中心较远的MCS有向东偏南方向移动的趋势。(4) 冷涡背景下的MCS主要产生在冷涡的发展阶段,成熟和消散阶段相对较少。(5) 冷涡背景下的MCS主要形成在冷涡的东南部,西南部也有一小部分。(6) MβCS系统发展较MαCS系统快,持续的时间也较MαCS短。     

珠峰和曲宗站2005年4,5月近地辐射能收支初步分析

利用中国科学院又一次珠穆朗玛峰地区科学考察(2005年4,5月)期间获得的辐射资料分析该地区地表辐射能的日变化,以及不同海拔高度、不同下垫面辐射各分量的异同,同时分析了不同海拔高度地表反照率在4月和5月的月变化和日变化。     

Comparative analysis of different underlying surfaces using a high-resolution assimilation dataset in semi-arid areas in China

To study the land surface and atmospheric meteorological characteristics of non-uniform underlying surfaces in the semi-arid area of Northeast China, we use a “High-Resolution Assimilation Dataset of the water-energy cycle in China (HRADC)”. The grid points of three different underlying surfaces were selected, and their meteorological elements were averaged for each type (i.e., mixed forest, grassland, and cropland). For 2009, we compared and analyzed the different components of leaf area index (LAI), soil temperature and moisture, surface albedo, precipitation, and surface energy for various underlying surfaces in Northeast China. The results indicated that the LAI of mixed forest and cropland during the summer is greater than 5 m² m^?2 and below 2.5 m² m^?2 for grassland; in the winter and spring seasons, the Green Vegetation Fraction (GVF) is below 30%. The soil temperature and moisture both vary greatly. Throughout the year, the mixed forest is dominated by latent heat evaporation; in grasslands and croplands, the sensible heat flux and the latent heat flux are approximately equal, and the GVF contributed more to latent heat flux than sensible heat flux in the summer. This study compares meteorological characteristics between three different underlying surfaces of the semi-arid area of Northeast China and makes up for the insufficiency of purely using observations for the study. This research is important for understanding the water-energy cycle and transport in the semi-arid area.     

气象卫星接收天线标校技术及应用

在过去的几十年中,我国气象事业的不断发展,中国风云气象卫星完成了从试验应用型向业务服务性的不断转型,因此对于卫星信号接收天线的可靠性和指向精度要求越来越高。目前用于接收风云系列极轨气象卫星下行信号的天线主要有12m和4.2m天线,其具有动态特性高、波束宽度窄等特点,因此需要在天线安装和运行期间对天线的轴系误差进行精确的标定和校准。本文在传统标校方法的基础上,提出了利用太阳进行的误差标校技术,进一步降低了标校环节的复杂程度,提高了标校精度。     

基于标准化降水指数的近51a山东临沂市旱涝时空特征

基于1961—2011年临沂市10个气象观测站的逐月降水数据,采用标准化降水指数（SPI）,分析了临沂市旱涝时空分布特征。结果表明：临沂市旱涝变化具有阶段性特征,1960年代初中期和1970年代初中期,雨涝频繁;1960年代中后期和1970年代中后期及整个1980年代,干旱频繁;1990年代到21世纪初早期旱涝交替发生,2003年以后以雨涝为主。冬春季干旱呈弱的减轻趋势,秋旱呈弱加剧趋势,夏季旱涝变化趋势不明显。北部山区、西部丘陵、南部平原的旱涝变化总体上具有相对一致的趋势,但在1960年代中期、1980年代中期、21世纪初早期西部丘陵的旱涝变化幅度较其他2个区域要大。全市旱涝变率在21世纪初早期最大,1970年代中后期最小,3个区域的变率总体上表现出与全市大致相同的趋势,2004年以后南部平原旱涝变率持续增大。     

An empirical framework for tropical cyclone climatology

An empirical approach for analyzing tropical cyclone climate is presented. The approach uses lifetime-maximum wind speed and cyclone frequency to induce two orthogonal variables labeled “activity” and “efficiency of intensity”. The paired variations of activity and efficiency of intensity along with the opponent variations of frequency and intensity configure a framework for evaluating tropical cyclone climate. Although cyclone activity as defined in this framework is highly correlated with the commonly used exponent indices like accumulated cyclone energy, it does not contain cyclone duration. Empirical quantiles are used to determine threshold intensity levels, and variant year ranges are used to find consistent trends in tropical cyclone climatology. In the western North Pacific, cyclone activity is decreasing despite increases in lifetime-maximum intensity. This is due to overwhelming decreases in cyclone frequency. These changes are also explained by an increasing efficiency of intensity. The North Atlantic shows different behavior. Cyclone activity is increasing due to increasing frequency and, to a lesser extent, increasing intensity. These changes are also explained by a decreasing efficiency of intensity. Tropical cyclone trends over the North Atlantic basin are more consistent over different year ranges than tropical cyclone trends over the western North Pacific.