U–Pb SHRIMP zircon geochronology,petrogenesis, and tectonic setting of the Neoproterozoic Baekdong ultramafic rocks in the Hongseong Collision Belt,South Korea

The Hongseong area, located in the western Gyeonggi Massif, South Korea, can be correlated with the northern margin of the South China block (Yangtze Craton). This area experienced Neoproterozoic igneous activity related to subduction before the amalgamation of Rodinia. Several isolated, lenticular, and serpentinized ultramafic–mafic bodies occur in the Hongseong area. The Baekdong body, one of the largest ultramafic bodies, has been highly deformed and metamorphosed to eclogite- and granulite-facies. The petrogenesis and tectonic environment of the Baekdong rocks are assessed using the composition of unaltered cores of spinel and olivine grains, and show that these rocks represent the mantle section of a suprasubduction ophiolite. The rocks originated from oceanic lithosphere that formed during the transition from nascent back-arc to mature island arc, related to subduction roll-back. During the back-arc stage, Al-rich spinel harzburgite formed through melt–rock interaction caused by the intrusion of magma. This magma was produced in small amounts, by less than 10% of partial melting of the wedge mantle. Subsequently, during the mature island arc stage, Cr-rich spinel dunite formed through melt–rock interaction caused by the intrusion of relatively evolved magma that formed by 30–35% partial melting due to a high input of volatiles from the subducted slab and sediments. The Baekdong ultramafic rocks, together with the Bibong ultramafic rocks, indicate that a suprasubduction tectonic setting prevailed before the amalgamation of Rodinia (at 860–890 Ma) in the Hongseong area, which may be an extension of the northern margin of the Yangtze Craton.     

滇中富碱斑岩风化成土过程中元素地球化学行为及其主控因素

富碱斑岩带分布较广,目前对其风化过程中的元素地球化学行为研究较少。笔者等以滇中姚安富碱斑岩为例,通过对其化学风化过程的研究,有助于了解富碱斑岩成土过程中元素富集贫化控制因素,丰富碱性岩浆岩风化成土理论。笔者等分析了富碱斑岩风化过程中的矿物风化特征、元素含量分布特征、化学风化趋势、元素迁移富集特征及主控因素,结果表明：富碱斑岩各风化层元素含量与基岩具有继承性,体现了原位风化的特征,符合北亚热带季风气候下云南境内上扬子地块岩石的风化特征;与大陆上地壳组成（UCC）相比,风化成土过程中Ca、Na、K等阳离子强烈淋失亏损,Fe、Al富集;化学风化过程主要发生脱Ca、Na、K、Mg、Si与富Al、Fe作用,风化早期主要为去Ca、去Na过程,风化中、晚期为去K、去Mg、富Al、富Fe过程,并伴随着强烈的脱硅作用;结合迁移系数,常量元素活动性强弱顺序为：Ca>Na>K>Mg>Si>Al>Fe;微量元素地球化学行为一方面主要受地球化学性质相似的常量元素行为控制,另一方面Al、Fe氧化物/氢氧化物和受黏土矿物吸附作用的影响,Sm、Nb、Sc、Th、Ti、U、Y、Cu、Cr、Ni随风化原地残余富集,Ba、Rb、Sr与K、Na、Ca、Mg等常量元素行为一致,随风化而淋失迁出。     

Erosion and slope instability on Horizon Guyot,Mid-Pacific Mountains

Seismic-reflection profiles, sediment cores, and current velocities were assessed to study the impact of erosion and sediment redistribution on the pelagic sediment cap of Horizon Guyot, a flat-topped submarine volcanic ridge in the Mid-Pacific Mountains. These processes seem to concentrate their effect around the rim of the sediment cap. Sediment slumping occurs on the northwest perimeter of the guyot's sediment cap. Slope stability analysis suggests that if overconsolidation on Horizon Guyot is the result of current reworking or if local undercutting by bottom currents steepens the sea floor declivity, the sediment cap may be unstable during infrequent earthquake loading, transporting sediment from the guyot summit to the abyssal sea floor.     

An institutional critique of new climate scenarios

Leading climate analysts are designing a set of new policy scenarios that will be used to frame future climate policy analyses. This new exercise seeks to improve the realism of the scenarios used in climate policy analysis. In recent decades, rational choice institutionalism (RCI) has increasingly influenced several social sciences. A systematic effort to apply findings and concepts borrowed from RCI studies would offer three types of benefits to this scenario exercise. First, it would increase internal consistency within each of the projected scenarios. Second, it would enhance the realism of the entire suite of scenarios. Third, it would illuminate a range of factors, trends, and causal pathways than might otherwise be considered. These gains could be exploited best by engaging some leading RCI scholars in the scenario building process.     

一种基于GIS的气象要素空间插值方法

根据气候学方程建立的多元回归方法,在地理信息系统空间分析功能的支持下,实现了西藏拉萨地区气温、降水等气象要素的空间网格化。得出,上述方法对拉萨地区等山地地区气象要素的空间网格化方面是有效的手段,该方法对气温的空间插值精度优于降水。     

非饱和岩石中的纵波频散与衰减: 双重孔隙介质波传播方程

本文采用Rayleigh理论描述纵波激励下非饱和岩石中气泡的局域流体流动,从经典力学的哈密顿原理导出了双重孔隙介质中的波传播方程,即Biot-Rayleigh方程.方程的格式简洁,参数少,所有相关参数物理可测,因此,方程具有较好的物理可实现性.基于相同的岩石与前人理论对比,初步验证了本理论的有效性.对三个地区的砂岩储层进行了分析,结果显示:地震频段内纵波对储层是否含气非常敏感,但对含气饱和度指示性不佳,且随着孔隙度降低,纵波频散与衰减在中低频段更为显著;含甲烷与含二氧化碳的砂岩储层均呈第三类AVO响应特征,很难从叠前分析技术中鉴别;理论预测的纵波频散随饱和度与频率变化的趋势与特征,与多频段实验观测结果一致.     

Diffraction of plane SH waves by a semi-circular cavity in half-space

This paper presents a closed-form solution for diffraction of plane SH waves by a semi-circular cavity in half-space by using wave function expansion method. Accuracy of the solution is checked by the displacement residual and stress residual along the boundaries. Numerical results show that there are notable differences for response amplitudes between a semi-circular cavity and a whole-circular cavity in a half-space.     

西昌市泸山地区典型火后泥石流特征与成因机制研究——以响水沟左岸3#支沟为例

2020年3月30日,四川省凉山州西昌市经久乡发生森林大火,山火燃烧后形成的山火灰和烧焦土体在强降雨作用下极易启动形成泥石流,给西昌市泸山、琼海景区生态环境及当地百姓生命财产安全带来潜在地质灾害风险.以西昌市安哈镇响水沟左岸3#支沟为例,采用野外调查、无人机航拍、地球物理探测、现场及室内实验等手段,对2020年5月1日该沟发生的火后泥石流流体特征、动力学参数及成因机制等开展研究,系统分析了山火及降雨过程对该次火后泥石流形成的影响机制.该成果可为系统认识西昌泸山"3·30"山火地区火后泥石流的运动特征、物源规模、激发雨量及其发展趋势研判提供科学参考.     

Characterization of synthetic nanocrystalline mackinawite: crystal structure, particle size, and specific surface area

Iron sulfide was synthesized by reacting aqueous solutions of sodium sulfide and ferrous chloride for 3 days. By X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), the resultant phase was determined to be primarily nanocrystalline mackinawite (space group: P4/ nmm) with unit cell parameters a = b = 3.67 Å and c = 5.20 Å. Iron K-edge XAS analysis also indicated the dominance of mackinawite. Lattice expansion of synthetic mackinawite was observed along the c-axis relative to well-crystalline mackinawite. Compared with relatively short-aged phase, the mackinawite prepared here was composed of larger crystallites with less elongated lattice spacings. The direct observation of lattice fringes by HR-TEM verified the applicability of Bragg diffraction in determining the lattice parameters of nanocrystalline mackinawite from XRPD patterns. Estimated particle size and external specific surface area (SSA_ext) of nanocrystalline mackinawite varied significantly with the methods used. The use of Scherrer equation for measuring crystallite size based on XRPD patterns is limited by uncertainty of the Scherrer constant (K) due to the presence of polydisperse particles. The presence of polycrystalline particles may also lead to inaccurate particle size estimation by Scherrer equation, given that crystallite and particle sizes are not equivalent. The TEM observation yielded the smallest SSA_ext of 103 m²/g. This measurement was not representative of dispersed particles due to particle aggregation from drying during sample preparation. In contrast, EGME method and PCS measurement yielded higher SSA_ext (276-345 m²/g by EGME and 424 ± 130 m²/g by PCS). These were in reasonable agreement with those previously measured by the methods insensitive to particle aggregation.     

Characterization of ambient aerosols in Northern Thailand and their probable sources

The present study examines variation of ambient aerosol mass and number concentrations in Chiang Mai, Thailand during winter. Aerosol particle samples were collected and measured at four different sites, representative of urban, industrial, residential and rural areas during daytime between December 2003 and January 2004. Average 10 h particulate matter (PM) mass concentrations were found to be in the range of 75–290 ì g/m³, with average value of 149 ± 45 ì g/m³. Urban and industrial areas appeared to have higher PM loading than residential and rural areas. Number concentration and size distribution of particles in the range of 0.3–10.0 ìm did not exhibit any marked variation between sites. Relatively stable number concentrations were reported. Temporal variation of number concentrations was not clearly significant. No short term peak observed during rush hours. During sampling period, the average number concentration for 0.3–0.5, 0.5–1.0, 1.0–5.0 and 5.0–10.0 ìm were 6.60 × 10⁶, 1.18 × 10⁶, 2.11 × 10⁵ and 1.12 × 10⁴/m³, respectively. Particles with diameter smaller than 1.0 ìm accounted for over 90 % of the total number concentration. Concentrations of major metals were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Pb, Fe, Al, Si, Cr, Cd, Ni, Zn) and flame photometer (K, Na and Ca). Data obtained were used to identify probable sources via a multivariate analysis. Si, Na, Fe, Ca, Al and K were the six dominant elements in the airborne PM. Principle component analysis was carried out and major sources of airborne PM in Chiang Mai were determined, namely, (1) long distance sources such as sea spray, earth soil and industrial combustion, (2) short-distance sources such as crustal re-suspension, vehicular related emissions and vegetation burning, and (3) the unknown distance sources with low influence of traffic emissions.