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961.
The Averno 2 fissure eruption: a recent small-size explosive event at the Campi Flegrei Caldera (Italy) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mauro Antonio Di Vito Ilenia Arienzo Giuseppe Braia Lucia Civetta Massimo D’Antonio Valeria Di Renzo Giovanni Orsi 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2011,73(3):295-320
The Averno 2 eruption (3,700 ± 50 a B.P.) was an explosive low-magnitude event characterized by magmatic and phreatomagmatic
explosions, generating mainly fall and surge beds, respectively. It occurred in the Western sector of the Campi Flegrei caldera
(Campanian Region, South Italy) at the intersection of two active fault systems, oriented NE and NW. The morphologically complex
crater area, largely filled by the Averno lake, resulted from vent activation and migration along the NE-trending fault system.
The eruption generated a complex sequence of pyroclastic deposits, including pumice fall deposits in the lower portion, and
prevailing surge beds in the intermediate-upper portion. The pyroclastic sequence has been studied through stratigraphical,
morphostructural and petrological investigations, and subdivided into three members named A through C. Member A was emplaced
during the first phase of the eruption mainly by magmatic explosions which generated columns reaching a maximum height of
10 km. During this phase the eruption reached its climax with a mass discharge rate of 3.2 106 kg/s. Intense fracturing and fault activation favored entry of a significant amount of water into the system, which produced
explosions driven by variably efficient water-magma interaction. These explosions generated wet to dry surge deposits that
emplaced Member B and C, respectively. Isopachs and isopleths maps, as well as areal distribution of ballistic fragments and
facies variation of surge deposits allow definition of four vents that opened along a NE oriented, 2 km long fissure. The
total volume of magma extruded during the eruption has been estimated at about 0.07 km3 (DRE). The erupted products range in composition from initial, weakly peralkaline alkali-trachyte, to last-emplaced alkali-trachyte.
Isotopic data and modeling suggest that mixing occurred during the Averno 2 eruption between a more evolved, less radiogenic
stored magma, and a less evolved, more radiogenic magma that entered the shallow reservoir to trigger the eruption. The early
phases of the eruption, during which the vent migrated from SW to the center of the present lake, were fed by the more evolved,
uppermost magma, while the following phases extruded the less evolved, lowermost magma. Integration of the geological and
petrological results suggests that the Averno 2 complex eruption was fed from a dyke-shaped shallow reservoir intruded into
the NE-SW fault system bordering to the west the La Starza resurgent block, within the caldera floor. 相似文献
962.
Water storage mapping of pyroclastic covers through electrical resistivity measurements 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The knowledge of the geological setting of pyroclastic covers and their water content distribution represents crucial information for stability analyses of slopes potentially subject to debris-flow phenomena. The study we here present would provide a contribution to this issue by means of an approach based on electrical resistivity measurements. Specifically, we describe the results of high-resolution 2D resistivity surveys carried out in a test area on Sarno Mountains (Campania Region – Southern Italy), where shallow landslides involving pyroclastic soils periodically occur triggered by critical rainfall events. We discuss the results in relation to the geology of the area in order to locate characteristic horizons of pyroclastic soils below the ground surface. Then, on the basis of a laboratory characterization of pyroclastic samples collected from the same test area at representative depths, we provide an estimation of the soil water content distribution in the field. Finally, we analyze temporal variations of the soil water content distribution by comparing the data of two surveys carried out in the autumnal and spring seasons, respectively. 相似文献
963.
简要介绍陕西省地震编目工作的发展历史,并通过地震编目分析1970年以来陕西省地震的分布情况.结果显示,省内地震主要分布在陕西关中及陕南地区;随着煤矿的开采,近几年陕北地区矿震数量呈现增加陕西态势. 相似文献
964.
F. Bergamaschi G. Cultrera L. Luzi R. M. Azzara G. Ameri P. Augliera P. Bordoni F. Cara R. Cogliano E. D��Alema D. Di Giacomo G. Di Giulio A. Fodarella G. Franceschina F. Galadini M. R. Gallipoli S. Gori P. Harabaglia C. Ladina S. Lovati S. Marzorati M. Massa G. Milana M. Mucciarelli F. Pacor S. Parolai M. Picozzi M. Pilz S. Pucillo R. Puglia G. Riccio M. Sobiesiak 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2011,9(3):697-715
A temporary network of 33 seismic stations was deployed in the area struck by the 6th April 2009, Mw 6.1 (Scognamiglio et?al. in Seism Res Lett 6/81, 2010), L??Aquila earthquake (central Italy), with the aim to investigate the site amplification within the Aterno river Valley. The seismograms of 18 earthquakes recorded by 14 of the 33 stations were used to evaluate the average horizontal to vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) for each site and the standard horizontal spectral ratio (SSR) between a site and a reference station. The obtained results have been compared to the geological and geophysical information in order to explain the resonance frequencies and the amplification levels with respect to surface geology of the valley. The results indicate that there is no uniform pattern of amplification, because of the complex geologic setting, as the thickness and degree of cementation of the deposits is highly variable. 相似文献
965.
Linbao Zhang Xiaoli Liu Liping You Di Zhou Junbao Yu Jianmin Zhao Jianghua Feng Huifeng Wu 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2011,39(11):989-995
Cadmium (Cd) has become an important heavy metal contaminant in the sediment and seawater along the Bohai Sea and been of great ecological risk due to its toxic effects to marine organisms. In this work, the toxicological effects caused by environmentally relevant concentrations (10 and 40 µg L?1) of Cd were studied in the gill tissues of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum after exposure for 24, 48, and 96 h. Both low (10 µg L?1) and high (40 µg L?1) doses of Cd caused the disturbances in energy metabolism and osmotic regulation and neurotoxicity based on the metabolic biomarkers such as succinate, alanine, branched chain amino acids, betaine, hypotaurine, and glutamate in clam gills after 24 h of exposure. However, the recovery of toxicological effects of Cd after exposure for 96 h was obviously observed in clam to Cd exposures. Overall, these results indicated that NMR‐based metabolomics was applicable to elucidate the toxicological effects of heavy metal contaminants in the marine bioindicator. 相似文献
966.
While much work has been done in investigating determinants of oil spillage attributed to vessel accidents, little research has been conducted on the effectiveness of ship hull design in reducing marine pollution. This paper addresses whether the double-hull requirement reduces vessel-accident oil spillage. The volume of oil spillage due to oil-cargo vessel accidents was investigated using tobit regressions and an empirical data set of individual vessel accident pollution incidents investigated by the US Coast Guard from 2001 to 2008. The results indicate that the double hull design on average reduces the size of oil spills by 20% and 62% in tank barge and tanker ship accidents, respectively. 相似文献
967.
C. Price Y. Yair A. Mugnai K. Lagouvardos M. C. Llasat S. Michaelides U. Dayan S. Dietrich F. Di Paola E. Galanti L. Garrote N. Harats D. Katsanos M. Kohn V. Kotroni M. Llasat-Botija B. Lynn L. Mediero E. Morin K. Nicolaides S. Rozalis K. Savvidou B. Ziv 《Surveys in Geophysics》2011,32(6):733-751
One of the costliest natural hazards around the globe is flash floods, resulting from localized intense convective precipitation over short periods of time. Since intense convective rainfall (especially over the continents) is well correlated with lightning activity in these storms, a European Union FP6 FLASH project was realized from 2006 to 2010, focusing on using lightning observations to better understand and predict convective storms that result in flash floods. As part of the project, 23 case studies of flash floods in the Mediterranean region were examined. For the analysis of these storms, lightning data were used together with rainfall estimates in order to understand the storms?? development and electrification processes. In addition, these case studies were simulated using mesoscale meteorological models to better understand the local and synoptic conditions leading to such intense and damaging storms. As part of this project, tools for short-term predictions (nowcasts) of intense convection across the Mediterranean and Europe, and long-term forecasts (a few days) of the likelihood of intense convection, were developed and employed. The project also focused on educational outreach through a special Web site http://flashproject.org supplying real-time lightning observations, real-time experimental nowcasts, medium-range weather forecasts and educational materials. While flash floods and intense thunderstorms cannot be prevented, long-range regional lightning networks can supply valuable data, in real time, for warning the public, end-users and stakeholders of imminent intense rainfall and possible flash floods. 相似文献
968.
M. Coltorti R. Boraso M. Morsilli A. Riva R. Tassinari G. Di Carlo 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(9):2271-2294
The regional contribution to the geo-neutrino signal at Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS) was determined based on a detailed geological, geochemical and geophysical study of the region. U and Th abundances of more than 50 samples representative of the main lithotypes belonging to the Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary cover were analyzed. Sedimentary rocks were grouped into four main “reservoirs” based on similar depositional settings and mineralogy. The initial assumption that similar chemico-physical depositional conditions would lead to comparable U and Th contents, was then confirmed by chemical analyses. Basement rocks do not outcrop in the area. Thus U and Th in the upper and lower crust of Valsugana and Ivrea-Verbano areas were analyzed. Irrespective of magmatic or metamorphic origin lithotypes were subdivided into a mafic and an acid reservoir, with comparable U and Th abundances.Based on geological and geophysical properties, relative abundances of the various reservoirs were calculated and used to obtain the weighted U and Th abundances for each of the three geological layers (sedimentary cover, upper and lower crust). Using the available seismic profile as well as the stratigraphic records from a number of exploration wells, a 3D modeling was developed over an area of 2° × 2° down to the Moho depth, for a total volume of about 1.2 × 106 km3. This model allowed us to determine the volume of the various geological layers and eventually integrate the Th and U contents of the whole crust beneath LNGS.On this base the local contribution to the geo-neutrino flux (S) was calculated and added to the contribution given by the rest of the world, yielding a refined reference model prediction for the geo-neutrino signal in the Borexino detector at LNGS: S(U) = (28.7 ± 3.9) TNU and S(Th) = (7.5 ± 1.0) TNU. An excess over the total flux of about 4 TNU was previously obtained by Mantovani et al. (2004) who calculated, based on general worldwide assumptions, a signal of 40.5 TNU. The considerable thickness of the sedimentary rocks, almost predominantly represented by U- and Th-poor carbonatic rocks in the area near LNGS, is responsible for this difference. Thus the need for detailed integrated geological study is underlined by this work, if the usefulness of the geo-neutrino flux for characterizing the global U and Th distribution within the Earth’s crust, mantle and core is to be realized. 相似文献
969.
Stability constants for metal complexation to bidentate ligands containing negatively-charged oxygen donor atoms can be estimated from the following linear free energy relationship (LFER): log KML = χOO(αO log KHL,1 + αO log KHL,2) where KML is the metal-ligand stability constant for a 1:1 complex, KHL,1 and KHL,2 are the proton-ligand stability constants (the ligand pKa values), and αO is the Irving-Rossotti slope. The parameter χOO is metal specific and has slightly different values for five and six membered chelate rings. LFERs are presented for 21 different metal ions and are accurate to within approximately 0.30 log units in predictions of log KML values. Ligands selected for use in LFER development include dicarboxylic acids, carboxyphenols, and ortho-diphenols. For ortho-hydroxybenzaldehydes, α-hydroxycarboxylic acids, and α-ketocarboxylic acids, a modification of the LFER where log KHL,2 is set equal to zero is required. The chemical interpretation of χOO is that it accounts for the extra stability afforded to metal complexes by the chelate effect. Cu-NOM binding constants calculated from the bidentate LFERs are similar in magnitude to those used in WHAM 6. This LFER can be used to make log KML predictions for small organic molecules. Since natural organic matter (NOM) contains many of the same functional groups (i.e. carboxylic acids, phenols, alcohols), the LFER log KML predictions shed light on the range of appropriate values for use in modeling metal partitioning in natural systems. 相似文献
970.
Marjorie Schulz David Stonestrom Guntram Von Kiparski Corey Lawrence Carrie Masiello Art White John Fitzpatrick 《Applied Geochemistry》2011
Concentrations of CO2 in soil atmosphere and CO2 efflux were measured across a marine terrace soil chronosequence near Santa Cruz, California. Soil development, specifically the formation of an argillic horizon, has created a two-tier soil gas profile in the older terrace soils. The soil above the argillic horizon has seasonal variations in soil CO2 associated with plant respiration. The older soils with dense argillic horizons maintain a year round ~1%CO2 below the argillic horizon. The CO2efflux during the growing season is higher on the older terraces. 相似文献