Serving the Service Sector: Gendering Regional (Un)Employment in Geelong,Australia1

This paper will briefly examine employment trends in regional Australia before focusing on one manufacturing, coastal region ‐ Geelong, Victoria –over the 1990s. It will consider the experience of a differentiated sample of women as they enter (and re‐enter) the one sphere of economic activity seen by many as the economic future of cities and regions ‐the service sector. Interviews detailed women's employment histories and experiences but despite the complexity of their multiple locations, this paper will argue that it is their disadvantaged positions as women workers that is fundamental in shaping that experience, regardless of how it is complicated by age, ethnicity or disability.     

Natural and imposed injustices: the challenges in implementing 'fair' flood risk management policy in England

This paper examines the challenges facing English flood risk management (FRM) policy and practice when considering fair decision-making processes and outcomes at a range of spatial scales. It is recognised that flooding is not fair per se : the inherent natural spatial inequality of flood frequency and extent, plus the legacy of differential system interventions, being the cause. But, drawing on the three social justice models – procedural equality, Rawls' maximin rule and maximum utility – the authors examine the fairness principles currently employed in FRM decision-making. This is achieved, firstly, in relation to the distribution of taxpayer's money for FRM at the national, regional and local levels and, secondly, for non-structural strategies – most notably those of insurance, flood warnings and awareness raising, land use control, home owner adaptation and emergency management. A case study of the Lower Thames catchment illustrates the challenges facing decision-makers in 'real life': how those strategies which appear to be most technically and economically effective fall far short of being fair from either a vulnerability or equality perspective. The paper concludes that if we are to manage flood risk somewhat more fairly then a move in the direction of government funding of nationally consistent non-structural strategies, in conjunction with lower investment decision thresholds for other local-level FRM options, appears to offer a greater contribution to equality and vulnerability-based social justice principles than the status quo.     

APPLICATION OF THEORY TO AN ATLANTIC TURBIDITY-CURRENT PATH

Some results of turbidity-current theory are applied to analyses of turbidite layers in cores from the route of a large turbidity current of sheet-flow type. Novel features are that current velocity is estimated from the sediment sizes deposited, and the lateral spreading of the current is considered. An approximate quantitative picture of the current is obtained. It is compared with the turbidity current which caused the Grand Banks cable breaks.     

The Grayback Pluton: Magmatism in a Jurassic Back-Arc Environment, Klamath Mountains, Oregon

The Jurassic Grayback pluton was emplaced in a back-arc settingbehind a contemporaneous oceanic arc. Th\alphae main stage ofthe pluton consists of an early, reversely zoned tonalite togabbro that was intruded by synplutonic noritic and gabbroicmagmas. Late-stage activity was characterized by intrusion oftonalitic and granitic dikes, many of which contain mafic enclavesand hybrid zones. Most mafic rocks in the pluton are calc-alkaline,with characteristic magnesian clinopyroxene, calcic cores inplagioclase, and elemental abundances similar to H₂O-rich arcbasalts. However, some mafic rocks contain relatively Fe-richclinopyroxene, lack calcic cores in plagioclase, and are compositionallysimilar to evolved high-alumina tholeiite. Compositional variation in the main stage can be modeled inpart by fractional crystallization and crusted assimilationduring which parental calc-alkaline basalt evolved to graniticcompositions. Cumulates related to this process are representedby modally variable melagabbro and pyroxenite. Mixing of basalticand tonalitic magmas accounts for the compositions of most main-stageintermediate rocks, but mixing of basaltic and granitic magmaswas uncommon until late in the pluton's history. Oxygen, Sr and Nd isotopic data indicate that virtually allmain-stage magmas in the pluton contain a crustal component.Isotopic and trace element data further suggest that late-stagetonalitic dikes represent melts derived from older, metavolcanicarc crust Deep crustal contamination of main-stage rocks tookplace below the level of emplacement, probably in a magma-richzone where basalts ponded and mixed with crustal melts. The Grayback pluton illustrates the diversity of Jurassic back-arcmagmatism in the Klamath province and demonstrates that ancientmagmatism with arc-like features need not be situated in anarc setting. KEY WORDS: Grayback Pluton; Klamath Mountains; Oregon; back arc; crustal contamination ^*Corresponding author     

Lack of porphyroblast rotation in the Otago schists, New Zealand: implications for crenulation cleavage development, folding and deformation partitioning

Porphyroblasts of garnet and plagioclase in the Otago schists have not rotated relative to geographic coordinates during non-coaxial deformation that post-dates their growth. Inclusion trails in most of the porphyroblasts are oriented near-vertical and near-horizontal, and the strike of near-vertical inclusion trails is consistent over 3000 km². Microstructural relationships indicate that the porphyroblasts grew in zones of progressive shortening strain, and that the sense of shear affecting the geometry of porphyroblast inclusion trails on the long limbs of folds is the same as the bulk sense of displacement of fold closures. This is contrary to the sense of shear inferred when porphyroblasts are interpreted as having rotated during folding.
Several crenulation cleavage/fold models have previously been developed to accommodate the apparent sense of rotation of porphyroblasts that grew during folding. In the light of accumulating evidence that porphyroblasts do not generally rotate, the applicability of these models to deformed rocks is questionable.
Whether or not porphyroblasts rotate depends on how deformation is partitioned. Lack of rotation requires that progressive shearing strain (rotational deformation) be partitioned around rigid heterogeneities, such as porphyroblasts, which occupy zones of progressive shortening or no strain (non-rotational deformation). Therefore, processes operating at the porphyroblast/matrix boundary are important considerations. Five qualitative models are presented that accommodate stress and strain energy at the boundary without rotating the porphyroblast: (a) a thin layer of fluid at the porphyroblast boundary; (2) grain-boundary sliding; (3) a locked porphyroblast/matrix boundary; (4) dissolution at the porphyroblast/matrix boundary, and (5) an ellipsoidal porphyroblast/shadow unit.     

Tide- and wave-dominated inshore and shoreline sequences from the late Precambrian, Finnmark, North Norway

The Late Precambrian Ekkerøy Formation of Finnmark, northern Norway represents a 40 m thick coarsening upward, prograding deltaic sequence. The upper 6 m of this formation consists of two small-scale fining upward sequences representing two contrasting shoreline environments. These two sequences have been the focus of a detailed facies analysis based on grain size, bed thickness and sedimentary structures. The study area comprises a series of horizontally bedded rocks which are continuously exposed for 3 km enabling individual facies and sedimentary structures be to traced-out laterally. The lower sequence exhibits a wide variety of tidal features including directional bimodality of both large-scale and small-scale cross-stratification, herringbone cross-stratification, various sandstone-mudstone alternations including lenticular and wavy bedding, and a general fining upward tendency. A detailed field analysis of the internal structures within the large-scale cross-stratified unit is presented and is interpreted as a sub-tidal channel complex. The associated sandstone-mudstone facies represents intertidal flats built up by tidal and storm-generated currents. The upper sequence displays a wide variety of wave-formed structures including wave-ripples and swash-lamination. Palaeocurrent data indicates a dominance of shoreward migrating megaripples and wave-ripple crests oriented approximately parallel to the inferred shoreline with a distinct longshore component. The sequence is interpreted as a beach-shoreface environment. In terms of sedimentary structures, palaeocurrent patterns and facies distributions, the sequence bears a remarkable similarity to the high-energy, non-barred shoreline of the modern Oregon coast U.S.A., described by Clifton, Hunter & Phillips (1971).