Variation of Indo-Pacific upper ocean heat content during 2001–2012 revealed by Argo

Understanding of the temporal variation of oceanic heat content(OHC) is of fundamental importance to the prediction of climate change and associated global meteorological phenomena. However, OHC characteristics in the Pacific and Indian oceans are not well understood. Based on in situ ocean temperature and salinity profiles mainly from the Argo program, we estimated the upper layer(0–750 m) OHC in the Indo-Pacific Ocean(40°S–40°N, 30°E–80°W). Spatial and temporal variability of OHC and its likely physical mechanisms are also analyzed. Climatic distributions of upper-layer OHC in the Indian and Pacific oceans have a similar saddle pattern in the subtropics, and the highest OHC value was in the northern Arabian Sea. However, OHC variabilities in the two oceans were different. OHC in the Pacific has an east-west see-saw pattern, which does not appear in the Indian Ocean. In the Indian Ocean, the largest change was around 10°S. The most interesting phenomenon is that, there was a long-term shift of OHC in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during 2001–2012. Such variation coincided with modulation of subsurface temperature/salinity. During 2001–2007, there was subsurface cooling(freshening)nearly the entire upper 400 m layer in the western Pacific and warming(salting) in the eastern Pacific. During2008–2012, the thermocline deepened in the western Pacific but shoaled in the east. In the Indian Ocean, there was only cooling(upper 150 m only) and freshening(almost the entire upper 400 m) during 2001–2007. The thermocline deepened during 2008–2012 in the Indian Ocean. Such change appeared from the equator to off the equator and even to the subtropics(about 20°N/S) in the two oceans. This long-term change of subsurface temperature/salinity may have been caused by change of the wind field over the two oceans during 2001–2012, in turn modifying OHC.     

基于WiFi探针数据的城市出行轨迹提取

为了更便捷地提取城市居民的出行轨迹,从而分析个体的日常空间行为,进而为城市管理的各项措施决策提供数据支撑,本文提出基于WiFi探针数据的城市出行轨迹提取方法,主要解决WiFi探针数据的路网匹配及丢失轨迹重构问题。首先,通过对终端MAC码和时间戳进行多列排序后提取出轨迹记录序列,利用信号强度RSSI值为每条记录提取坐落在路网上的候选点集。其次,设计基于局部评价的算法,对于每一个候选点,利用其前后相邻的几条记录提取的候选点集与其之间的时空关系,先后对其进行时间一致性评价和空间一致性评价,再结合以时间反比动态构建的权函数,得到最终评分;然后将每个候选点集中评分最高的点作为最佳匹配点,至此完成轨迹记录的路网匹配。最后,先采用基于深度优先的路径搜索算法搜索出丢失轨迹上下点之间的所有可行路径,再基于TOPSIS法决策出最优的重构路径。本文以东莞市市中心区域收集的WiFi探针数据为实验数据进行测试,平均每日可提取6万多条轨迹,与其中获取的GPS数据相比较验证了方法的可行性,为城市出行轨迹挖掘提供了新的解决方案。     

典型矿业城市的土壤重金属分布特征与复合污染评价——以“镍都”金昌市为例

通过对甘肃省金昌市(镍矿城市)建成区的土壤重金属调查研究,揭示了其重金属来源、污染现状及其环境风险。结果表明:当地主要矿产品Ni和Cu两种重金属的土壤污染最严重,与《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)的III级标准比较,样品Ni和Cu的超标率分别为70%和57%,污染面积分别为26 km2和24 km2;土壤As和Cd污染主要集中在矿冶区和尾砂库附近,居民区土壤污染程度低;土壤Cr污染出现在尾砂库和采矿区附近,污染面积为3 km2。在城区土壤中,Co、Cu、Cd、Pb与Zn的污染来源及空间分布具有相似特征,而土壤As污染与Ni污染特征相近。Nemero综合指数评价结果表明,高风险区域主要分布在东部矿冶区、北部尾砂库和西南角采矿区,城市居民区的土壤重金属污染水平较低。     

全液压车装钻机在集束式潜孔锤反井施工中的应用

采用SDC1500型全液压钻机配套新型集束式反井气动锤施工工艺,成功解决了传统的反井钻机效率低下的问题。结合内蒙古自治区准格尔煤田黄玉川煤矿大直径排水井工程,对该施工工艺方法进行了总结。     

宁夏中卫盆地的沉积特征及其所反映的新构造运动

地表及钻孔资料分析表明:约在上新世,香山山地沿香山-天景山断裂带向东北强烈逆冲上升,山前挤压下陷形成南深北浅、剖面上呈楔形的中卫盆地。伴随挤压作用的进行,盆地南缘部分早期沉积沿一系列南倾叠瓦式断层从南向北逆冲抬升,后期沉积则伴随其南部逆冲而不断北迁,穿越盆地的古黄河也不断北移,使盆地沉积具穿时性。约在中更新世末期,中卫盆地因其北东侧烟筒山断裂强烈活动而抬升,黄河下切,盆地消亡。上述过程可能反映青藏高原东北缘强烈挤压变形的北进。     

广西天等把荷锰矿地质特征及成因分析

通过对天等把荷锰矿地质构造、赋矿层位、矿体特征、矿石特征等论述,认为把荷锰矿属于沉积―氧化型矿床,除了正常海相沉积,矿区的地层、岩性、沉积―构造环境、气候和地貌等条件均对成矿有一定的影响,分析此类锰矿床的地质特征以及成因,对寻找类似锰矿床具有一定的指导意义。     

SSTA年代际变化对ENSO事件的调制作用以及它与LOD、SOI等的关系研究

用带通滤波方法从日长变化(LOD)、南方涛动指数(SOI)和Nino各海区海面温度异常变化(SSTA)等资料中提取年际和年代际变化分量,研究了Nino3．4海区SSTA的年代际分量对ENSO事件的调制作用．研究发现,除了年际分量之外, SSTA的年代际分量对ENSO事件的表征和监测有重要影响．当ENSO事件比较强时,SSTA年代际变化分量的作用倾向于使ENSO事件的时间延长,并使事件的极端温度增大;当ENSO事件比较弱时,在SSTA年际变化中没有检测到的事件,可借助于年代际变化分量的调制作用得到检测．还研究了SSTA年际和年代际变化与SOI、热带太平洋海平面气压异常(SLPA)和信风异常(TWA),以及大气角动量(AAM)和海洋角动量(OAM)轴向分量(χ3)的相应变化之间的频谱相干性．结果表明在年际尺度上,SSTA与LOD、SOI、SLPA、TWA、大气角动量的轴向分量(χω3,χpib3和χωpib3)和海洋角动量的轴向分量(χv3和χv bp3)等都有密切关系,其中以SOI、SLPA、TWA和χω3与SSTA的关系更加显著;在年代际时间尺度上,SSTA与SOI、SLPA、TWA、χω3以及χω v3的关系更为密切,与LOD、大气压(χpib3)和洋底压强(χbp3)的关系较弱．     

An Application of the Adjoint Method to a Statistical-Dynamical Tropical-Cyclone Prediction Model (SD–90) II: Real Tropical Cyclone Cases

In the first paper in this series, a variational data assimilation of ideal tropical cyclone (TC) tracks was performed for the statistical-dynamical prediction model SD-90 by the adjoint method, and a prediction of TC tracks was made with good accuracy for tracks containing no sharp turns. In the present paper, the cases of real TC tracks are studied. Due to the complexity of TC motion, attention is paid to the diagnostic research of TC motion. First, five TC tracks are studied. Using the data of each entire TC track, by the adjoint method, five TC tracks are fitted well, and the forces acting on the TCs are retrieved. For a given TC, the distribution of the resultant of the retrieved force and Coriolis force well matches the corresponding TC track, i.e., when a TC turns, the resultant of the retrieved force and Coriolis force acts as a centripetal force, which means that the TC indeed moves like a particle; in particular, for TC 9911, the clockwise looping motion is also fitted well. And the distribution of the resultant appears to be periodic in some cases. Then, the present method is carried out for a portion of the track data for TC 9804, which indicates that when the amount of data for a TC track is sufficient, the algorithm is stable. And finally, the same algorithm is implemented for TCs with a double-eyewall structure, namely Bilis (2000) and Winnie (1997), and the results prove the applicability of the algorithm to TCs with complicated mesoscale structures if the TC track data are obtained every three hours.     

重庆地区年可利用降水资源的变化分析

利用重庆地区34站月平均气温及降水资料,在陆面蒸发经验模型基础上计算了可利用降水资源,采用EOF方法分析了主要分布型,并讨论了其变化规律,最后利用MGF-BP神经网络多步预测模型对重庆地区未来10 a（2006—2015年）可利用降水资源进行了预估。结果表明,重庆年可利用降水资源大体分为4种分布类型,即全区域分布型、东西分布型、南北分布型和中部型,其中全区域型是重庆年可利用降水资源最主要的分布型,各分布型具有较显著的年代际变化特征;当年气温偏高、降水量偏少时,年可利用降水资源可能偏少,而当年气温偏低,降水量偏多时,年可利用降水资源可能偏多;初步预测表明,2006—2011年,重庆地区年可利用降水资源总体偏少,而2012—2015年则可能偏多。     

Role of Black Carbon-Induced Changes in Snow Albedo in Predictions of Temperature and Precipitation during a Snowstorm

In this study the authors apply the chemistry version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model （WRF-Chem） to examine the impacts of black carbon （BC）-induced changes in snow albedo on simulated temperature and precipitation during the severe snowstorm that occurred in southern China during 0800 26 January to 0800 29 January 2008 （Note that all times are local time except when otherwise stated）. Black carbon aerosol was simulated online within the WRF-Chem. The model resuits showed that surface-albedo, averaged over 27-28 January, can be reduced by up to 10% by the deposition of BC. As a result, relative to a simulation that does not consider deposition of BC on snow/ice, the authors predicted surface air temperatures during 27-28 January can differ by -1.95 to 2.70 K, and the authors predicted accumulated precipitation over 27-28 January can differ by -2.91 to 3.10 mm over Areas A and B with large BC deposition. Different signs of changes are determined by the feedback of clouds and by the availability of water vapor in the atmosphere.