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81.
Performance assessment of three convective parameterization schemes in WRF for downscaling summer rainfall over South Africa 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Satyaban B. Ratna J. V. Ratnam S. K. Behera C. J. deW. Rautenbach T. Ndarana K. Takahashi T. Yamagata 《Climate Dynamics》2014,42(11-12):2931-2953
Austral summer rainfall over the period 1991/1992 to 2010/2011 was dynamically downscaled by the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model at 9 km resolution for South Africa. Lateral boundary conditions for WRF were provided from the European Centre for medium-range weather (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA) interim data. The model biases for the rainfall were evaluated over the South Africa as a whole and its nine provinces separately by employing three different convective parameterization schemes, namely the (1) Kain–Fritsch (KF), (2) Betts–Miller–Janjic (BMJ) and (3) Grell–Devenyi ensemble (GDE) schemes. All three schemes have generated positive rainfall biases over South Africa, with the KF scheme producing the largest biases and mean absolute errors. Only the BMJ scheme could reproduce the intensity of rainfall anomalies, and also exhibited the highest correlation with observed interannual summer rainfall variability. In the KF scheme, a significantly high amount of moisture was transported from the tropics into South Africa. The vertical thermodynamic profiles show that the KF scheme has caused low level moisture convergence, due to the highly unstable atmosphere, and hence contributed to the widespread positive biases of rainfall. The negative bias in moisture, along with a stable atmosphere and negative biases of vertical velocity simulated by the GDE scheme resulted in negative rainfall biases, especially over the Limpopo Province. In terms of rain rate, the KF scheme generated the lowest number of low rain rates and the maximum number of moderate to high rain rates associated with more convective unstable environment. KF and GDE schemes overestimated the convective rain and underestimated the stratiform rain. However, the simulated convective and stratiform rain with BMJ scheme is in more agreement with the observations. This study also documents the performance of regional model in downscaling the large scale climate mode such as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and subtropical dipole modes. The correlations between the simulated area averaged rainfalls over South Africa and Nino3.4 index were ?0.66, ?0.69 and ?0.49 with KF, BMJ and GDE scheme respectively as compared to the observed correlation of ?0.57. The model could reproduce the observed ENSO-South Africa rainfall relationship and could successfully simulate three wet (dry) years that are associated with La Niña (El Niño) and the BMJ scheme is closest to the observed variability. Also, the model showed good skill in simulating the excess rainfall over South Africa that is associated with positive subtropical Indian Ocean Dipole for the DJF season 2005/2006. 相似文献
82.
Very large short lived enhancements observed in Na nightglow measurements are described. Only nine such events have been observed in about 8 years of regular nocturnal observations at 23°S. These enhancements are believed to be due to excess sodium deposited in the upper atmosphere by meteoroid ablation. The cases observed are not always correlated with known meteor showers, except perhaps in June with χ Scorpiids and θ Ophiuchids. 相似文献
83.
The upper mesosphere airglow emissions OI 5577, NaD and OH have been observed at Cachoeira Paulista (22.7°S; 45.0°W) Brazil. Nocturnal variations and their seasonal dependencies in amplitude and phase, and the annual variations of these emissions are presented, analysing the data obtained from 1977 to 1982 during the ascending phase of the last solar cycle. The nocturnal variations of the OI 5577 emission and the OH rotational temperature showed a significant semidiurnal oscillation, with the phase of maximum moving from midnight in January to early morning in June. Semiannual variation of the OI 5577 and NaD emissions with the maximum intensities in April/May and October/November were observed. The OH rotational temperature, however, showed an annual variation, maximum in summer and minimum in winter, while no significant seasonal variation was found in the OH emission intensities. Long-term intensity variations are also presented with the solar sunspot numbers and the 10.7 cm flux. 相似文献
84.
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86.
A comparative study on the butyltin levels in various organisms showed that marked bioaccumulation occurs in certain lower trophic levels; i.e. from seawater to phytoplankton and into caprellid amphipods, Caprella spp. Caprella spp., which inhabit algal communities and aquaculture beds in the subtidal zone, are small crustaceans with reduced movement and a life-span of less than 3 months. These characteristics indicate that Caprella spp. may be well-suited for monitoring butyltin residue changes over small spatial and temporal scales. Two groups of organisms, mussels and neogastropods, have been mainly used for monitoring butyltin in shallow water ecosystems. These invertebrates mainly inhabit the intertidal zone where the butyltin levels vary widely depending on the immersion period and exposure to the sea surface microlayer. Monitoring using neogastropods may also over estimate exposures after restrictions on tributyltin, since neogastropods show an irreversible response to residue changes owing to their long life-spans. Thus, we propose usage of Caprella spp. to monitor temporal and spatial changes in baseline concentrations of butyltins. 相似文献
87.
Larry P. Atkinson Jackson O. Blanton Charles McClain Thomas N. Lee Masayuki Takahashi Takashi Ishimaru Joji Ishizaka 《Journal of Oceanography》1987,43(2):89-103
Hydrographic observations between the Izu Peninsula and Oshima Island, Japan, in May 1982, showed upwelling around the tip of the Peninsula and possibly also in the lee of Oshima Island. The upwelling introduced water as cold as 18 C with nitrate concentrations of 3M to the surface. Temperature/salinity analyses indicated that the upwelled water was of Kuroshio characteristics. Slightly fresher water was advected out of Sagami Bay in a coastal counter current.Contribution number 470 from the Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba. 相似文献
88.
A method of high resolution seismic velocity analysis for ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) records is applied to the study of the shallow oceanic crust, especially sedimentary and basement layers. This method is based on the direct-p mapping and the-sum inversion. We use data obtained from a 1989 airgun-OBS experiment in the northern Yamato Basin, Japan Sea and derive P- and S-wave velocity functions that can be compared with the seismic reflection profiles. Using split-spread profile records, we obtain interface dips and true interval velocities from the OBS data. These results show good agreement with the reflection profile records, the acoustic velocities of core samples, and sonic log profiles. We also present a method for estimating errors in the derived velocity functions by calculating covariance of the derived layers' thicknesses. The estimated depth errors are about 150 m at shallow depths, which is close to the seismic wavelength used. The high resolution of this method relies on accurate determination of shot positions by GPS, spatially dense seismic observations, and the use of unsaturated reflected waves arriving after the direct water wave that are observed on low-gain component records. 相似文献
89.
From frequent field observations performed in coastal waters around the Izu Islands, Japan, a clear regional upwelling associated with the wind was detected baside Niijima Island. Nutrient supply by the upwelling into the euphotic zone was confirmed, and the subsequent phytoplankton growth supported by the upwelled nutrients was evaluated. The upwelling and the nutrient supply occurred within a day over an area ofca. 400 km2, and phytoplankton growth response occurred only a few days after the upwelling. Such regional upwelling is considered to be one of the major mechanisms supporting the high productivity of coastal waters.Contribution number 423 from the Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba. 相似文献
90.
A time-series sediment trap was deployed from December 1994 to February 2002 at the mouth of Tokyo Bay (35°03′ N, 139°40′
E; water depth, 850 m). Sinking particles were obtained with a time interval of one week at a depth of approximately 100 m
above the sea floor. Observed total mass fluxes varied from 3.3 to 226.7 g/m2/day with an average of 28.0 g/m2/day. Concentrations of rare earth elements, Al, Ca and Si in particulate materials were measured. The combustible fraction
at 450°C is assumed to be equivalent to the organic matter content. Contents of biogenic materials, namely organic matter,
opal and calcium carbonate, were about 30% and the content of lithogenic material was about 70%. Using La/Yb ratios of particles
from the sediment trap and Tama-gawa River and surface sediment of Tokyo Bay, it was estimated that about 50% of the lithogenic
particles collected in the sediment trap at the mouth of Tokyo Bay originated from resuspended surface sediment in Tokyo Bay.
An increasing trend of Opal/CaCO3 ratio in the sinking particles was found in the spring season. It is suggested that the relative increase of diatoms is due
to the decreasing dissolved inorganic nitrogen input into Tokyo Bay. 相似文献