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421.
William M. Phillips Adrian M. Hall Ruth Mottram L. Keith Fifield David E. Sugden 《Geomorphology》2006,73(3-4):222-245
The occurrence of tors within glaciated regions has been widely cited as evidence for the preservation of relic pre-Quaternary landscapes beneath protective covers of non-erosive dry-based ice. Here, we test for the preservation of pre-Quaternary landscapes with cosmogenic surface exposure dating of tors. Numerous granite tors are present on summit plateaus in the Cairngorm Mountains of Scotland where they were covered by local ice caps many times during the Pleistocene. Cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al data together with geomorphic relationships reveal that these landforms are more dynamic and younger than previously suspected. Many Cairngorm tors have been bulldozed and toppled along horizontal joints by ice motion, leaving event surfaces on tor remnants and erratics that can be dated with cosmogenic nuclides. As the surfaces have been subject to episodic burial by ice, an exposure model based upon ice and marine sediment core proxies for local glacial cover is necessary to interpret the cosmogenic nuclide data. Exposure ages and weathering characteristics of tors are closely correlated. Glacially modified tors and boulder erratics with slightly weathered surfaces have 10Be exposure ages of about 15 to 43 ka. Nuclide inheritance is present in many of these surfaces. Correction for inheritance indicates that the eastern Cairngorms were deglaciated at 15.6 ± 0.9 ka. Glacially modified tors with moderate to advanced weathering features have 10Be exposure ages of 19 to 92 ka. These surfaces were only slightly modified during the last glacial cycle and gained much of their exposure during the interstadial of marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 5 or earlier. Tors lacking evidence of glacial modification and exhibiting advanced weathering have 10Be exposure ages between 52 and 297 ka. Nuclide concentrations in these surfaces are probably controlled by bedrock erosion rates instead of discrete glacial events. Maximum erosion rates estimated from 10Be range from 2.8 to 12.0 mm/ka, with an error weighted mean of 4.1 ± 0.2 mm/ka. Three of these surfaces yield model exposure-plus-burial ages of 295− 71+ 84, 520− 141+ 178, and 626− 85+ 102 ka. A vertical cosmogenic nuclide profile across the oldest sampled tor indicates a long-term emergence rate of 31 ± 2 mm/ka. These findings show that dry-based ice caps are capable of substantially eroding tors by entraining blocks previously detached by weathering processes. Bedrock surfaces and erratic boulders in such settings are likely to have nuclide inheritance and may yield erroneous (too old) exposure ages. While many Cairngorm tors have survived multiple glacial cycles, rates of regolith stripping and bedrock erosion are too high to permit the widespread preservation of pre-Quaternary rock surfaces. 相似文献
422.
The recently completed prototyping efforts for a new type of riometer, the Advanced Rio-Imaging Experiment in Scandinavia (ARIES), required the development of a uniquely flexible software architecture to deal with what in software engineering terms is referred to as a ‘Wicked System:’ Source, volume and type of data as well as required processing are only very loosely defined at the outset of the project. Speed, reconfigurability, remote control and data provenance are of major importance for the success of the project both during development and during operation of the deployed prototype. Details of the Advanced Riometer Components (ARCOM) component-based software architecture are presented. The software architecture is not specific to ARIES, and ARCOM components can readily be re-used in other, similar instruments. 相似文献
423.
Modeling of major martian magnetic anomalies: Further evidence for polar reorientations during the Noachian 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Maps of the vector components of the Mars crustal magnetic field are constructed at the mapping altitude (360 to 410 km) using a selected set of data obtained with the Mars Global Surveyor magnetometer during 2780 orbits of the planet in 1999. Forward modeling calculations are then applied to six relatively strong and isolated, dominantly dipolar, magnetic anomalies for the primary purpose of estimating bulk directions of magnetization. Assuming that the magnetizing field was a (dipolar) core dynamo field centered in the planet, paleomagnetic pole positions are calculated for the six primary source bodies together with that for a seventh anomaly analyzed earlier. In agreement with several previous studies, it is found that six of the seven pole positions are clustered in what is now the northern lowlands in a region centered northwest of Olympus Mons (mean pole position: 34°±10° N, 202°±58° E). Assuming that the dynamo dipole moment vector was approximately parallel to the rotation axis, the modeling results therefore suggest a major reorientation of Mars relative to its rotation axis after magnetization was acquired. Such a reorientation may have been stimulated by internal mass redistributions associated with the formation of the northern lowlands and Tharsis, for example. A comparison of the mean paleo (magnetic) equator to the global distribution of crustal fields shows that magnetic anomalies tend to occur at low paleolatitudes. The same appears to be true for the Noachian-aged valley networks, which exhibit a broad spatial correlation with the magnetic anomalies. A possible interpretation is that the formation of magnetic anomalies and the valley networks was favored in the tropics where melting of water ice and snow was a stronger source of both surface valley erosion and groundwater recharge during the earliest history of the planet. This would be consistent with models in which hydrothermal alteration of crustal rocks played a role in producing the unusually strong martian magnetic anomalies. 相似文献
424.
Flow from artificial subsurface (tile) drainage systems may be contributing to increasing baseflow in Midwestern rivers and increased losses of nitrate‐nitrogen. Standard hydrograph analysis techniques were applied to model simulation output and field monitoring from tile‐drained landscapes to explore how flow from drainage tiles affects stream baseflow and streamflow recession characteristics. DRAINMOD was used to simulate hydrologic response from drained (24 m tile spacing) and undrained agricultural systems. Hydrograph analysis was conducted using programs PART and RECESS. Field monitoring data were obtained from several monitoring sites in Iowa typical of heavily drained and less‐drained regions. Results indicate that flow from tile drainage primarily affects the baseflow portion of a hydrograph, increasing annual baseflow in streams with seasonal increases primarily occurring in the late spring and early summer months. Master recession curves from tile‐drained watersheds appear to be more linear than less‐tiled watersheds although comparative results of the recession index k were inconsistent. Considering the magnitude of non‐point source pollutant loads coming from tile‐drained landscapes, it is critical that more in‐depth research and analysis be done to assess the effects of tile drainage on watershed hydrology if water quality solutions are to be properly evaluated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
425.
Matt Hilton Chris Collins Roberto De Propris Ivan K. Baldry Carlton M. Baugh Joss Bland-Hawthorn Terry Bridges Russell Cannon Shaun Cole Matthew Colless Warrick J. Couch Gavin B. Dalton Simon P. Driver George Efstathiou Richard S. Ellis Carlos S. Frenk Karl Glazebrook Carole A. Jackson Ofer Lahav Ian Lewis Stuart Lumsden Steve J. Maddox Darren Madgwick Peder Norberg John A. Peacock Bruce A. Peterson Will Sutherland Keith Taylor 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2005,363(2):661-674
426.
427.
Garret Cotter Helen J. Buttery Rhiju Das† Michael E. Jones Keith Grainge G. G. Pooley Richard Saunders 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2002,334(2):323-326
We have observed the z =0.78 cluster MS 1137.5+6625 with the Ryle Telescope (RT) at 15 GHz. After subtraction of contaminating radio sources in the field, we find a Sunyaev–Zel'dovich flux decrement of -421±60 μJy on the ≈0.65 k λ baseline of the RT, spatially coincident with the optical and X-ray positions for the cluster core.
For a spherical King-profile cluster model, the best fit to our flux measurement has a core radius θC =20 arcsec , consistent with previous X-ray observations, and a central temperature decrement Δ T =650±92 μK .
Using this model, we calculate that the cluster has a gas mass inside a radius of 2.9×1013 M⊙ for an Ω M =1 universe and 1.6×1013 M⊙ for Ω M =0.3 , ΩΛ =0.7 . We compare this model with existing measurements of the total mass of the cluster, based on gravitational lensing, and estimate a gas fraction for MS 1137.5+6625 of ≈8 per cent. 相似文献
For a spherical King-profile cluster model, the best fit to our flux measurement has a core radius θ
Using this model, we calculate that the cluster has a gas mass inside a radius of 2.9×10
428.
Yiannis Tsapras Rachel A. Street Keith Horne Alan Penny Fraser Clarke Hans Deeg Francisco Garzon Simon Kemp Maria Rosa Zapatero Osorio Alejandro Oscoz Abad Santiago Madruga Sanchez Carlos Eiroa Alcione Mora Antxon Alberdi rew Cameron John K. Davies Roger Ferlet Carol Grady Allan W. Harris Javier Palacios reas Quirrenbach Heike Rauer Jean Schneider Dolf de Winter Bruno Merin Enrique Solano 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2001,325(3):1205-1212
In 1998 the EXPORT team monitored microlensing event light curves using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera on the IAC 0.8-m telescope on Tenerife to evaluate the prospect of using northern telescopes to find microlens anomalies that reveal planets orbiting the lens stars. The high airmass and more limited time available for observations of Galactic bulge sources make a northern site less favourable for microlensing planet searches. However, there are potentially a large number of northern 1-m class telescopes that could devote a few hours per night to monitor ongoing microlensing events. Our IAC observations indicate that accuracies sufficient to detect planets can be achieved despite the higher airmass. 相似文献
429.
Elizabeth M. Green Keith Callerame Ivo R. Seitenzahl Brooke A. White Elaina A. Hyde Melissa Giovanni Mike Reed Gilles Fontaine Roy Østensen 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2003,284(1):65-68
During the course of an ongoing CCD monitoring program to investigate low-level light variations in subdwarf B (sdB) stars, weserendipitously discovered a new class of multimode pulsators withperiods of the order of an hour. These periods are a factor of tenlonger than those of previously known multimode sdB pulsators (EC14026 stars), implying the new pulsations are due to gravity modes rather than pressure modes. The iron opacity instability that drives the short period EC 14026 stars is effective in hot sdB's. Thelong period pulsators are found only among cooler sdB stars, wherethey are surprisingly common. The mechanism responsible for excitingthe deeper g-modes in cool sdB's is currently unknown, but thetemperature and gravity range in which these stars occur must be animportant clue. We present the first observational results for thisnew class of pulsating sdB stars, and discuss some possible implications. 相似文献
430.
Keith Halfacree 《Area》1999,31(3):209-220
Summary The relationship of theory to a key strand of current radical social and environmental movements—-DlY culture—is highly problematic, with the latter tending to reject the former in favour of its own immediacy. This paper argues that, in contrast,'theory and practice' should be regarded as complementary. Action on the ground can learn from theories of DIY culture, and theories of DIY culture cannot ignore action on the ground. By way of illustration, specific attention is given to the 1996 occupation of some derelict land in London by the group The Land Is Ours. 相似文献