吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中挥发酚的方法研究

文章研究了吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中挥发酚的方法,分析了吹扫捕集各参数对挥发酚测定的影响,优化了吹扫捕集条件和气相色谱-质谱条件。通过与索氏提取技术对比,证明吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱法在实际样品检测中具有操作简便、分析周期短、试剂用量少、干扰小等优点,适用于测定沸点较低、溶解度较小的挥发酚,推荐选择经典的索氏提取技术测定沸点较高、溶解度较大的挥发酚。     

人类活动对阿克苏河绿洲气候及水文环境的影响

在人类活动的影响下,阿克苏河下游绿洲呈现出气候变化特征的差异.其中,阿克苏市夏季气温以0.20℃/10 a的速率在升高,而阿拉尔由于受绿洲效应的影响,夏季气温却以-0.27℃/10a的速率呈下降趋势.人类干预已经成为阿克苏绿洲水资源变化的主导因素.为农业开发修建的拦河闸引水、水库蓄水等已改变了河道径流的年内变化,与中游西大桥水文站相比,位于下游的阿拉尔水文站夏季径流比重上升,春季下降.尽管近50年来天然来水量在不断增加,但由于垦植面积的扩大和粗放型农业的发展,使灌溉引水和人类活动耗水不断增加,从而导致阿克苏河补给塔里木河的水量明显减少,阿拉尔水文站年径流量持续减少,径流量减少达17.64%.阿克苏河西大桥站水质在各时期均为I级清洁水质,塔里木河阿拉尔的水质在绿洲农业大规模开发之前,河水未受到人为干扰,水质良好;而经过绿洲耕地开发和垦植洗盐,河水矿化度不断增加,阿拉尔站河水枯水期矿化度由1960年的0.67g/L增加到2000年的5.27 g/L.人类活动改变了地表水的地域分配,从而影响到地下水的补给,使地下水的水位和水质发生盐化.大量引用河水漫灌,导致阿克苏河绿洲地下水位抬升,地表蒸发强烈,造成盐分积累,土壤次生盐渍化严重.     

Properties of polysaccharides in several seaweeds from Atlantic Canada and their potential anti-influenza viral activities

To explore the polysaccharides from selected seaweeds of Atlantic Canada and to evaluate their potential anti-influenza virus activities, polysaccharides were isolated from several Atlantic Canadian seaweeds, including three red algae (Polysiphonia lanosa, Furcellaria lumbricalis, and Palmaria palmata), two brown algae (Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus), and one green alga (Ulva lactuca) by sequential extraction with cold water, hot water, and alkali solutions. These polysaccharides were ana-lyzed for monosaccharide composition and other general chemical properties, and they were evaluated for anti-influenza virus activities. Total sugar contents in these polysaccharides ranged from 15.4% (in U. lactuca) to 91.4% (in F. lumbricalis); sulfation level was as high as 17.6% in a polysaccharide from U. lactuca, whereas it could not be detected in an alikali-extract from P. palmaria. For polysaccharides from red seaweeds, the main sugar units were sulfated galactans (agar or carrageenan) for P. lanosa, F. lumbricalis, and xylans for P. palmata. In brown seaweeds, the polysaccharides largely contained sulfated fucans, whereas the polysaccharides in green seaweed were mainly composed of heteroglycuronans. Screening for antiviral activity against influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus revealed that brown algal polysaccharides were particularly effective. Seaweeds from Atlantic Canada are a good source of marine polysaccharides with potential antiviral properties.     

Phenanthrene Removal from Aqueous Solution on Sesame Stalk‐based Carbon

This work explored the performance of sesame stalk‐based carbon prepared at different carbonization temperatures and activated by potassium hydroxide in the removal of phenanthrene from an aqueous solution. At a carbon concentration of 10 mg/32 mL and a carbonization temperature of 700°C, the removal efficiency of phenanthrene approached 100%. Furthermore, with the presence of acenaphthene and naphthalene as co‐contaminants, the removal efficiency of phenanthrene by the prepared carbon was 99.60%, which was comparable to that by the commercial carbon. Hydrophobic interactions influenced phenanthrene removal, and partitioning appeared to be the dominant mechanism for phenanthrene removal from aqueous solution by sesame stalk‐based carbon. The results obtained from this work should provide insight into the reuse of agricultural residues, and also suggest a new avenue for the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated water utilizing carbon prepared from agricultural residue.     

地电场观测典型干扰数据的修正方法

研究由于线路故障、直流供电等干扰因素引起的地电场数据变化,尝试使用带阻滤波、经验模态分解等方法排除干扰。处理结果表明,上述方法可以减少干扰因素的影响,有利于提取地震前兆信号。     

混凝土大坝震害评估模型的研究及对黄河上游大坝的分析

利用前人所编的历代（共四代）地震烈度（地震动）区划图,组合叠加后得到一个综合烈度（地震动）。这种叠加是一个集成的专家系统综合认识结果,以此作为坝体可能遭受地震破坏危险的因素。初步研究建立了混凝土大坝震害评估模型,此模型是考虑了坝体的结构类型、建设年代、使用现状、场地条件、抗震设防水平等因素,用逐步线性拟合方法进行回归分析得到的。用此模型对汶川地震破坏的坝体进行了实例分析,分析结果比较符合实际。最后,用这个模型对黄河上游10座重点混凝土大坝做了震害评估分析。     

城市化发展水平对生态环境压力的影响研究——以西安市为例

运用综合评价法对西安市1991—2007年的城市化水平进行了测度。同时,使用生态环境压力指数法对西安市城市生态环境压力进行了定量评价,并对城市化水平的各相关因子与生态环境压力指数之间进行了相关分析和回归分析。通过分析得出结论:城市化发展水平与生态环境压力之间存在着较明显的相关关系,其中城市现代化水平的发展是产生城市生态环境压力的主要原因,并提出了协调加快城市化进程与缓解城市生态环境压力之间矛盾的几点建议。     

Experimental analysis of shear strength of undisturbed soil in leucaena forest in Jiangjia Ravine,Yunnan, China

Five leucaena trees of similar age were chosen in Jiangjia Ravine of Dongchuan, Yunnan Province, China, near which the soil samples were collected by digging profiles 2m in depth and 1m in width. In each section, soil samples at different depths were taken for direct shear experiments to determine the root amount and mechanical composition. It is found that the cohesion and internal friction angle of the undisturbed soil are related to the root amount, depth, clay content and breccias content. Cohesion correlates negatively with root content, a finding that differs from that of other researchers. In addition, internal friction angle correlates positively with all these factors.     

玉树7.1级地震前后电磁辐射小波变换分析

基于电磁辐射数据的小波变换理论,对青海玉树7.1级地震前后四川都江堰、剑阁、江油及郑州二砂电磁波台站的观测数据进行了小波分析,研究发现玉树地震前有异常信息存在,表现为：地震前电磁辐射异常信号低频部分出现的时间较早;距震中较近的台站,异常信息出现的频率段较高;距震中稍远的台站,异常信息的频率段较低;震中距越大,异常出现的时间越晚。     

滤纸总吸力吸湿曲线的率定试验

滤纸法是一种间接的吸力测试方法,测试结果准确与否首先取决于滤纸的吸力率定曲线。介绍了滤纸法的基本工作原理,总结了滤纸法在国内外的研究现状。利用NaCl盐溶液法率定了国产双圈No.203型滤纸的总吸力吸湿率定曲线,给出了总吸力率定曲线的双线性拟合方程。分别比较了双圈No.203型滤纸与Whatman’s No.42型滤纸的总吸力和基质吸力率定曲线,指出两种滤纸的基质吸力率定曲线基本一致,以及国产双圈No.203型滤纸总吸力率定曲线的转点含水率更高的特点