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91.
Euhedral, post-depositional albite from the Eastern and Western Alps, the western Carpathians and some Greek islands was examined petrographically and geochemically to gain insights into the nature of feldspar reactions in carbonate rocks. This study focuses on coarsely crystalline, homogeneously nucleated albite in order to avoid problems related to the presence of inseparable detrital material in fine-grained albite varieties. All albite samples show a very restricted compositional variability and are typically ≥ 99 mol% Ab component. Unit-cell parameters determined by Rietveld analysis are slightly more variable than previously accepted, but confirm high Al–Si ordering characteristic of low albite. The oxygen isotopic composition of albite ranges from + 19·4‰ to + 28·3‰ VSMOW. There is no direct relationship between the δ18 O value and the inferred temperature of albite formation, nor is there one with stoichiometry. The coarse crystal size (up to several millimetres in diameter), petrographic evidence showing albite cross-cutting stylolites, greater abundance of albite in carbonate rocks subject to high-grade diagenetic or weak metamorphic overprinting and available fluid inclusion data suggest that albite precipitation is favoured at higher temperatures in carbonates than in sandstones. Pore fluids were invariably brines, as suggested by the inferred high positive δ18 Ofluid values, the common association of albite-bearing carbonates and evaporites and reports of saline fluid inclusions in albite. The presence of authigenic albite may thus be a useful tracer of palaeobrine–carbonate reactions, particularly in deep-burial and incipient metamorphic settings. 相似文献
92.
Several research projects have studied Swedish coastal fishery to investigate the conflict between seals and fishery. In recent years, a strategy of participation by means of co-management has been unfolding. Realising that maintaining the coastal fishery requires societal support and knowledge integration, attempts have been made to introduce the principle of participatory management into the centralised Swedish fisheries management system. However, this co-management approach, presently implemented in six pilot projects, will take a long time to develop through a sustained process of experimentation and improvement. 相似文献
93.
Nancy L. Jackson Diane P. Horn Valerie Spalding Karl F. Nordstrom 《Estuaries and Coasts》1999,22(3):753-762
A field investigation of temporal and spatial changes in wind and wave characteristics, runup and beach water table elevation
was conducted on the foreshore of an estuarine beach in Delaware Bay during neap (April 9, 1995) and spring (April 16, 1995)
tides under low wave-energy conditions. The beach has a relatively steep, sandy foreshore and semi-diurnal tides with a mean
range of 1.6 m and a mean spring range of 1.9 m. Data from a pressure transducer placed on the low tide terrace reveal a rate
of rise and fall of the water level on April 16 of 0.09 mm s−1 resulting in a steeper tidal curve than the neap tide on April 9. Data from three pressure transducers placed in wells in
the intertidal foreshore reveal that the landward slope of the water table during the rising neap tide was lower than the
slope during spring tide, and there was a slower rate of fall of the beach water table relative to the fall of the tide. Wave
heights were lower on April 9 (significant height from 17.1 min records <0.16 m). The water table elevation was 0.08 m higher
than the water in the bay at the time of high water, when maximum runup elevation was 0.29 m above high water and maximum
runup width was 2.0 m. The elevation of the water table was 0.13 m higher than the maximum elevation of water level in the
bay 74 min after high water, when wave height was 0.12 m and wave period was 2.7 s. The use of mean bay water level at high
tide will underpredict the elevation of the water table in the beach, and demarcation of biological sampling stations across
the intertidal profile based on mean tide conditions will not accurately reflect the water content of the sandy beach matrix. 相似文献
94.
Chris Blake Russell J. Jurek Sarah Brough Matthew Colless Warrick Couch Scott Croom Tamara Davis Michael J. Drinkwater Duncan Forbes Karl Glazebrook Barry Madore Chris Martin Kevin Pimbblet Gregory B. Poole Michael Pracy Rob Sharp Todd Small David Woods 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,395(1):240-254
95.
Karl J. Eidsvik 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2008,127(1):153-172
Numerical simulations of geophysical flows have to be done on very sparse grids. Nevertheless, flows over moderately sloped
hills can be predicted quite accurately as long as the near ground vertical resolution is reasonably dense. Recirculation
flows behind steeper hills are associated with slow convergence towards grid independent integrations, but even then moderately
stratified flows of this type can be predicted usefully accurately. For better horizontal grids than about half the hill-height Δx
1/H ≈ 0.5 or so, separation and recirculating domains are predicted with an error factor comparable to 0.3. The characteristic
wavelength of lee waves is predicted more accurately while the lee wave amplitude and the maximum turbulence intensity in
recirculating domains are underestimated by factors comparable to 0.3. Strongly stratified flows may be associated with hydraulic
transitions and even this is predicted on quite coarse grids, up to say Δx
1/H ≈ 0.5. However, the details of such flows turn out to be predicted with considerable errors also on high-resolution grids.
Inaccurate modelling of stratified turbulence is a main contributor to this error. 相似文献
96.
William S. Burgett Michael M. Vick David S. Davis Matthew Colless Roberto De Propris Ivan Baldry Carlton Baugh Joss Bland-Hawthorn Terry Bridges Russell Cannon Shaun Cole Chris Collins Warrick Couch Nicholas Cross Gavin Dalton Simon Driver George Efstathiou Richard Ellis Carlos S. Frenk Karl Glazebrook Edward Hawkins Carole Jackson Ofer Lahav Ian Lewis Stuart Lumsden Steve Maddox Darren Madgwick Peder Norberg John A. Peacock Will Percival Bruce Peterson Will Sutherland Keith Taylor 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2004,352(2):605-654
97.
The extent to which riverine Os is trapped in a temperate estuary was the aim of this study. The behavior of Os through the Hudson River, East River and the Long Island Sound (LIS) system is addressed using both natural Os and anthropogenically mobilized Os. The Os concentration ([Os]) and isotopic composition (187Os/188Os) of the Mid-Atlantic Bight as inferred from the analysis of a water sample of 31‰ salinity (S) at Vineyard Sound, MA are 46 fM and 1.070, respectively. In comparison, the Hudson River at Newburgh, NY has [Os] = 68 fM and 187Os/188Os = 1.265. The Os concentration of the East River at the Whitestone Bridge is 51 fM and remains essentially constant proceeding eastward in the LIS despite the increase of salinity from 20‰ towards the higher value of the Mid-Atlantic Bight. The 187Os/188Os ratio of water at Whitestone Bridge is 0.945 and increases eastward through the Sound to 0.979 at 7 km and then to 1.019 at 39.6 km. The behavior of Os through LIS appears to be conservative at S > 20‰. On the basis of Os concentration and isotopic composition we infer that anthropogenic Os is being added to the East River through sewers with the likely isotopic ratio of ∼0.13 and that about 24% of riverine Os must be removed at S ? 20‰. There is a net transport of about 0.4-1 mole of anthropogenic Os per year from the East River into the LIS. The residence time of Os in the ocean at present must be about 39,000 years, unless an independent source of supply of Os can be identified. 相似文献
98.
The groundwater interbasin flow, Qy, from the north of Yucca Flat into Yucca Flat simulated using the Death Valley Regional Flow System (DVRFS) model greatly exceeds assessments obtained using other approaches. This study aimed to understand the reasons for the overestimation and to examine whether the Qy estimate can be reduced. The two problems were tackled from the angle of model uncertainty by considering six models revised from the DVRFS model with different recharge components and hydrogeological frameworks. The two problems were also tackled from the angle of parametric uncertainty for each model by first conducting Morris sensitivity analysis to identify important parameters and then conducting Monte Carlo simulations for the important parameters. The uncertainty analysis is general and suitable for tackling similar problems; the Morris sensitivity analysis has been utilized to date in only a limited number of regional groundwater modeling. The simulated Qy values were evaluated by using three kinds of calibration data (i.e., hydraulic head observations, discharge estimates, and constant‐head boundary flow estimates). The evaluation results indicate that, within the current DVRFS modeling framework, the Qy estimate can only be reduced to about half of the original estimate without severely deteriorating the goodness‐of‐fit to the calibration data. The evaluation results also indicate that it is necessary to develop a new hydrogeological framework to produce new flow patterns in the DVRFS model. The issues of hydrogeology and boundary flow are being addressed in a new version of the DVRFS model planned for release by the U.S. Geological Survey. 相似文献
99.
Karl Krejci-Graf 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1950,38(2):112-124
Zusammenfassung Diskordanzen sind nicht die einzigen Anzeichen orogener Bewegungen; sie entstehen nur bei Sedimentationsunterbrechung und sind ceteris paribus um so grö\er, je länger die Unterbrechung dauerte. Eine Diskordanz ist kein Anzeichen für das Ende einer Bewegung; diese kann synsedimentär weitergehen. Bei synsedimentärer Bewegung konvergiert Dach und Sohle eines Schichtsto\es gegen das Hoch. Wenigstens in den Tiefs herrscht bei synsedimentärer Orogenese Konkordanz.über die Zurechnung einer Bewegung zur Orogenese oder Epirogenese entscheidet nicht die Dauer oder der Diskordanzwinkel, sondern das entstehende Gefüge. Die Wellenlänge der Faltung steht in umgekehrtem Verhältnis zur Intensität der gebirgsbildenden Kraft.Die Orogenese dauert oft durch geologische Stufen oder Formationen kontinuierlich an. Sie verläuft örtlich ruckweise — Spannungsausgleich in mechanisch inhomogenem Medium. Die Paroxysmen sind weder erdweit noch gleichzeitig.Als Phase möchten wir einen im gro\en einheitlichen orogenen Vorgang bezeichnen ohne Rücksicht auf die mechanisch bedingten zeitweiligen örtlichen Intensitätsunterschiede. Anfang und/oder Ende dieser Phasen ändern sich längs des Orogens. 相似文献
100.
Stephan Steinke Till J.J. Hanebuth Christoph Vogt Karl Stattegger 《Marine Geology》2008,250(3-4):199-210
Variations in clay mineral composition of sediment cores from the margin and continental slope of the Sunda Shelf (southern South China Sea, SE Asia) covering the past 17,000 yr reflect changing influences of sediment sources together with clay mineral partitioning processes in shallow waters. We identify the deglacial sea level rise as the principal factor driving these changes. During the late glacial, high values of kaolinite are interpreted to reflect a higher contribution of clays from soils that have formed on the exposed Sunda Shelf and in the southern archipelagos of Indonesia. At this time core sites were located in close proximity to the mouths of the Sunda Shelf palaeo-drainage systems on the emerged shelf (“Sundaland”). The progressive landward displacement of the coastline and breakdown of these vast drainage systems during deglaciation led to a decrease in influence of the kaolinite-rich southern sources. When the coastline had retreated closely to its present-day position in mid-Holocene times, the former dominance of southern sources was replaced by a stronger influence of illite-rich sources (e.g. Borneo). The overriding control of sea level changes on the clay mineral distribution patterns precludes a definite climatic interpretation of clay mineral data in terms of climatic/monsoonal changes in such highly dynamic sedimentary environment. 相似文献