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31.
We have measured 224Ra (3.4 d), 228Ra (5.7 yr), and 226Ra (1620 yr) and chloride in hot spring waters from the Norris-Mammoth Corridor, Yellowstone National Park. Two characteristic cold-water components mix with the primary hydrothermal water: one for the travertine-depositing waters related to the Mammoth Hot Springs and the other for the sinter-depositing Norris Geyser Basin springs. The Mammoth Hot Springs water is a mixture of the primary hydrothermal fluid with meteoric waters flowing through the Madison Limestone, as shown by the systematic decrease of the (228Ra/226Ra) activity ratio proceeding northward. The Norris Geyser Basin springs are mixtures of primary hydrothermal water with different amounts of cold meteoric water with no modification of the primary hydrothermal (228Ra/226Ra) activity ratio. Using a solution and recoil model for radium isotope supply to the primary hydrothermal water, a mean water-rock reaction time prior to expansion at 350°C and supply to the surface is 540 years assuming that 250 g of water are involved in the release of the radium from one gram of rock. The maximum reaction time allowed by our model is 1150 years. 相似文献
32.
Partial control of climate by the biosphere may be possible through a chain of processes that ultimately links marine plankton production of dimethylsulfide (DMS) with changes in cloud albedo (Charlson et al., 1987). Changes in cloud optical properties can have profound impacts on atmospheric radiation transfer and, hence, the surface environment. In this study, we have developed a simple model that incorporates empirically based parameterizations to account for the biological control of cloud droplet concentration in a first attempt to estimate the strength of the DMS-cloud albedo feedback mechanism. We find that the feedback reduces the global climatic response to imposed perturbations in solar insolation by less than 7%. Likewise, it modifies the strength of other feedbacks affecting surface insolation over oceans by roughly the same amount. This suggests that the DMS-cloud albedo mechanism will be unable to substantially reduce climate sensitivity, although these results should be confirmed with less idealized models when more is known about the net production of DMS by the marine biosphere and its relation to aerosol/cloud microphysics and climate. 相似文献
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35.
Due to a particularly favourable geologic and tectonic setting in the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia has the world largest oil reserves and is the third largest oil-producing nation in the world. Based on oil and gas revenues, the Kingdom experienced an overwhelming development during the last few decades, changing a desert country into a modern industrialized nation. Main characteristics of spatial changes are based on processes of urbanization and industrialization, on agricultural reclamations and infra-structural developments. Since the natural environment of deserts and semi-deserts in the Eastern Province is determined by an extremely sensitive equilibrium, environmental impacts, shortages in water resources, as well as limited human resources are causing basic problems, which will influence future developments. 相似文献
36.
Dr. Karl Stattegger 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1986,75(2):341-352
Zusammenfassung Aus Schwermineraldaten verschiedener Oberkreidevorkommen der alpinen Gosau werden mit einer speziellen Variante der Q-Modus Faktorenanalyse lithologische Endglieder zur Rekonstruktion der Liefergebiete modelliert. Dabei zeigt sich, daß zeitlich zwischen der bekannten Chromspinell-Schüttung aus Ophiolithen im Norden und der Zufuhr von Granat aus dem Kristallin der Ostalpen im Süden während des Campan ein kratonisches Hinterland vorhanden ist, das sowohl reifen (Zirkon, Turmalin, Rutil) als auch sauer plutonischen Detritus (Zirkon, Apatit) in die Gosaubecken einbringt.Diese Befunde bestätigen und präzisieren das vonFrisch (1979) vorgelegte plattentektonische Konzept: Als Folge der Subduktion des südpenninischen Piedmont Ozeans und gleichzeitiger Öffnung des nordpenninischen Valais Ozeans kollidiert im Campan die mittelpenninische Briançonnais-Mikroplatte mit dem Austroalpin der adriatischen Platte. Dem entspricht die Abnahme der Chromspinellzufuhr und die Zunahme von Detritus aus einem kratonischen Liefergebiet in den Gosau Sedimenten des Untercampan. Nach der intragosauischen Gebirgsbildungsphase hält die Zufuhr von kratonischem Material aus dem Mittelpenninikum während dessen Überschiebung im Obercampan an. Gleichzeitig beginnt die Freilegung von austroalpinen Kristallinarealen, die generell ab dem Maastricht zur Vorherrschaft eines metamorphen Schwermineralspektrums führt.
Heavy mineral data from the Late Cretaceous clastic sediments of the Alpine Gosau formation were processed using extended Q-mode factor analysis in order to model in detail end members of lithological associations in search of provenance. The results show clearly a cratonic source area which furnished both mature (zircon, tourmaline, rutile) and acid plutomc (zircon, apatite) detritus into the Gosau basins during Campanian time. Stratigraphically, the mature-plutonic detritus ranges between the well known chromspinel supply from ophiolites in the north and the influx of garnet from metamorphic rocks of the Eastern Alps in the south.This confirms and clarifies the plate tectonic model proposed byFrisch (1979): The Middle Penninic Briançonian microplate collided with the Austroalpine unit of the Adriatic plate as result of both the subduction of the South Penninic Piedmont ocean and the contemporaneous opening of the North Penninic Valais ocean. The sedimentological response was a decrease in chromspinel and an increase in the minerals of cratonic provenance in the Gosau sediments of Early Campanian age. The cratonic detritus continued to dominate in the Late Campanian after the intragosauic orogenic movements as the Briançonian plate was beeing overthrust. At this time the erosion of Austroalpine metamorphic areas started, leading to the predominance of heavy minerals of metamorphic source from the Latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) onwards.
Résumé Une forme particulière d'analyse factorielle en mode.Q a été appliquée aux minéraux lourdes provenant de divers sites du Crétacé supérieur du Gosau (Alpes orientales), en vue de rechercher l'origine des sédiments. Cette méthode montre clairement l'existence au Campanien d'une source cratonique qui alimenterait le bassin du Gosau à la fois en éléments matures (zircon, tourmaline, rutile) et en éléments plutoniques acides (zircon, apatite). Cet apport se situe stratigraphiquement entre les arrivées de spinelle chromifère provenant des ophiolites au Nord et de grenat provenant des métamorphites des Alpes occidentales au Sud.Ces résultats confiment et précisent le modèle géodynamique proposé par Frisch (1979): à la suite de la subduction de l'océan sud-pennique piémontais et de l'ouverture de l'océan nord-pennique valaisan, une collision se produisit au Campanien entre la microplaque méso-pennique brianonnaise et l-Austro-alpin de la plaque adriatique. La réponse sédimentologique à cet événement a été, dans les sédiments companiens infeérieurs du Gosau, une diminution de l'afflux de spinelles chromifères et un accroissement des minéraux de provenance cratonique. Au Campanien supérieur, après la phase tectonique intro-gosauienne, l'apport des matériaux cratoniques a continué pendant le charriage de la plaque briançonnaise. En même temps commençait l'érosion de l'aire métamorphique austroalpine amenant, à partir du Maastrichtien une prédominance de minéraux lourdes d'órigine métamorphique.
. , , , , — , . , 1979 : Valais Briançonnais - . . . , . . - , .相似文献
37.
Benjamin D. Santer Karl E. Taylor Tom M. L. Wigley Joyce E. Penner Philip D. Jones Ulrich Cubasch 《Climate Dynamics》1995,12(2):77-100
It has been hypothesized recently that regional-scale cooling caused by anthropogenic sulfate aerosols may be partially obscuring
a warming signal associated with changes in greenhouse gas concentrations. Here we use results from model experiments in which
sulfate and carbon dioxide have been varied individually and in combination in order to test this hypothesis. We use centered
[R (t)] and uncentered [C (t)] pattern similarity statistics to compare observed time-evolving surface temperature change patterns with the model-predicted
equilibrium signal patterns. We show that in most cases, the C (t) statistic reduces to a measure of observed global-mean temperature changes, and is of limited use in attributing observed
climate changes to a specific causal mechanism. We therefore focus on R (t), which is a more useful statistic for discriminating between forcing mechanisms with different pattern signatures but similar
rates of global mean change. Our results indicate that over the last 50 years, the summer (JJA) and fall (SON) observed patterns
of near-surface temperature change show increasing similarity to the model-simulated response to combined sulfate aerosol/CO2 forcing. At least some of this increasing spatial congruence occurs in areas where the real world has cooled. To assess the
significance of the most recent trends in R (t) and C (t), we use data from multi-century control integrations performed with two different coupled atmosphere-ocean models, which
provide information on the statistical behavior of 'unforced' trends in the pattern correlation statistics. For the combined
sulfate aerosol/CO2 experiment, the 50-year R (t) trends for the JJA and SON signals are highly significant. Results are robust in that they do not depend on the choice of
control run used to estimate natural variability noise properties. The R (t) trends for the CO2-only signal are not significant in any season. C (t) trends for signals from both the CO2-only and combined forcing experiments are highly significant in all seasons and for all trend lengths (except for trends
over the last 10 years), indicating large global-mean changes relative to the two natural variability estimates used here.
The caveats regarding the signals and natural variability noise which form the basis of this study are numerous. Nevertheless,
we have provided first evidence that both the largest-scale (global-mean) and smaller-scale (spatial anomalies about the global
mean) components of a combined CO2/anthropogenic sulfate aerosol signal are identifiable in the observed near-surface air temperature data. If the coupled-model
noise estimates used here are realistic, we can be highly confident that the anthropogenic signal that we have identified
is distinctly different from internally generated natural variability noise. The fact that we have been able to detect the
detailed spatial signature in response to combined CO2 and sulfate aerosol forcing, but not in response to CO2 forcing alone, suggests that some of the regional-scale background noise (against which we were trying to detect a CO2-only signal) is in fact part of the signal of a sulfate aerosol effect on climate. The large effect of sulfate aerosols found
in this study demonstrates the importance of their inclusion in experiments designed to simulate past and future climate change.
Received: 10 November 1994 / Accepted: 19 July 1995 相似文献
38.
Karl Zagora 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1995,39(3):298-301
Summary In the Rügen area of northern Germany, Old Red Sandstones, ranging from Late Emsian to Givetian in age, unconformably overlie deformed Ordovician strata. The Middle Devonian Old Red passes conformably up into a Late Devonian carbonate facies and then into the Lower Carboniferous, apparently without a break. 相似文献
39.
Prof. Dr. Georg Müller Dr. Karl W. Strauss 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1987,76(2):407-418
Zusammenfassung Die Metamorphite der Halbinsel Strand / SW-Norwegen gehören zu einem Deckensystem präkambrischer Gesteine, das während der kaledonischen Orogenese von NNW her auf den Baltischen Schild geschoben worden ist (Sigmond Kildal 1978). Eine hangende Deckeneinheit umfa\t Metagranite, Melagabbroide und Gneise. Ihr granulitfazieller Mineralbestand (Metamorphosealter 1,5 Milliarden Jahre) wurde wahrscheinlich vor 1,18 Milliarden Jahren grünschieferfaziell retrograd überprägt. Die Decke ist nur noch in kleinen Erosionsinseln vorhanden. Eine liegende Dekkeneinheit besteht aus metasedimentären Gesteinen. Sie weist Mineralbestände der höheren Amphibolitfazies auf, die ebenfalls grünschieferfaziell überprägt wurden. Die AlVI-Gehalte der bei beiden metamorphen Prozessen gebildeten Amphibole deuten bei Anwendung eines Diagramms vonRaase (1974) an, da\ die retrograde Metamorphose hier bei höheren Drücken ablief als die ältere Metamorphose. Ein Gesamtgesteinsalter von 1,16 Milliarden Jahren scheint für diese grünschieferfazielle Metamorphose das gleiche orogene Ereignis anzuzeigen wie für die hangende Einheit. Produkt der schwachen kaledonischen Metamorphose (400 Millionen Jahre) ist Stilpnomelan, der auch im Grundgebirge des Baltischen Schildes auftritt.
The Strand Peninsula, Stavanger district, Southwestern Norway, has become well known, when V. M.Goldschmidt (1920) published his hypothesis of regional metasomatism. All rocks of the Strand area were assumed to be situated in autochthonous position. The main point ofGoldschmidt's hypothesis was progarde metamorphism of argillaceous sediments and their transformation to albite schists and plagioclase gneisses by metasomatic solutions given off from intruded trondhjemitic magmas.However, in contrast toGoldschmidt's ideas, the granitoid sill of the Ormakam-Moldhesten area, Strand Peninsula, and its wall rocks, which played an important role inGoldschmidt's discussion, are now found to be parts of a polymetamorphous thrust unit.Granulite facies assemblages, mainly consisting of orthopyroxene +clinopyroxene+plagioclase+hastingsite±orthoclase and quartz, have been partially replaced by lowgrade assemblages. Probably, the high-grade metamorphism has an age of about 1.5 Ga (Andresen &Heier 1975) whereas the age of the greenschist facies event may be conform to an orogenic cycle at about 1.15 Ga (Sigmond Kildal 1978).A lower nappe, covering the Strand Peninsula for its most parts, was subject of a petrologic re-examination using the microscope and the microprobe analyser. Its contacts with the hanging nappe as well as those with the underlying gneissic basement are characterized by thrust planes and horizons of phyllonites and cataclasites inside of the nappe and by local brecciation in the uppermost zones of the basement.The rocks of the lower nappe have been formed a long with the upper amphibolite facies as indicated by the following mineral assemblage: andesine + hastingsite and Mg-hornblende + quartz +biotite.Obviously, an inverse order of temperature regimes is recognizable in the allochthonous units. Maximum temperature of the upper nappe reached 800C (Müller &Herbert 1984) whereas Tmax of the lower nappe did not exceed 750C.Using a diagram ofRaase (1974) the AlVI-contents of the primary hastingsitic hornblendes of the lower nappe rocks indicate pressures which range distinctly below 5 kbars, whereas the secondary pargasitic hornblendes were formed at pressures of about 5 kbars. Probably the thrusting happened before the formation of secondary hornblendes took place. The load pressure in the lower nappe (< 5 kbars) was distinctly increased when the upper nappe was thrusted upon the lower one. Consequently the AlVI-contents of secondary hornblendes indicate increased pressure ( 5 kbars).In the gneisses of the lower nappe late fractures were filled by stilpnomelane, chlorite and quartz. Very probably this depends on thrust movements during the Caledonian orogeny.Verschure et al. (1980) found a similar stilpnomelane formation in adjacent terrains of the basement and proposed a weak Caledonian metamorphism of about 400 my.
Résumé Les roches métamorphiques de la presqu'Île de Strand (sud-ouest de la Norvège) appartiennent à un empilement de nappes formées de roches pré-cambriennes et charriées vers le SSE sur le bouclier baltique au cours de l'orogenèse calédonienne (Sigmond Kildal 1978).Une nappe supérieure comprend des métagranites, des mélagabbroÏdes et des gneiss. Leurs paragenèses, du facies des granulites (âge du métamorphisme: 1,5 Ga) ont été rétromorphosées dans le facies des schistes verts il y a probablement 1,18 Ga. Cette nappe ne subsiste qu'en petits fragments épargnés par l'érosion.Une nappe inférieure est composée de roches métasédimentaires. Ces roches présentent des paragenèses du faciès supérieur des amphibolites, également rétromorphosées dans le facies des schistes verts. L'application du diagramme de Raase (1974) aux teneurs en AlVI des amphiboles formées lors des deux processus métamorphiques indique que la rétromorphose s'est déroulée à une pression supérieure à celle du métamorphisme ancien. Un âge de 1,16 Ga sur roche totale semble indiquer que le mÊme processus orogénique a servi de cadre à la rétromorphose en facies des schistes verts dans les deux nappes.Du stilpnomélane, présent tant dans la nappe inférieure que dans le bouclier baltique autochtone, témoigne d'un métamorphisme calédonien (400 Ma) de faible degré.
Strand ( ) , NNW (Sigmond KILDAL, 1978). , . - 1,5 , 118 , . . . , . AlVI , , RAASE (1974) , , . 1,6 , , , . (400 ) , .相似文献
40.
Karl Brunnacker Manfred Löscher Wolfgang Tillmanns Brigitte Urban 《Quaternary Research》1982,18(2):152-173
Thirteen glacial terraces are known from the western part of the northern Alpine foothills between the Lech and Iller Rivers. In the Lower Rhine region of West Germany, a similar number of terraces are capped by interglacial floodloams and soils. Whereas the environment during individual interglaciations did not differ substantially, the glaciations were progressively more severe. The Main Terrace system of the Rhine may be an exception. The duration of the Quaternary, starting at the base of Praetiglian, is estimated at approximately 2 million yr by paleomagnetic dating. The major cold-warm climatic cycles of the earliest Pleistocene lasted approximately 100,000 yr, the same as those of the Brunhes Chron. The intervening Main Terrace system has not yet been climatically subdivided. Correlation with the Netherlands is possible because of an abundance of paleobotanic and paleomagnetic evidence. In the Alpine foothills, stratigraphically useful indicators of warm climates are missing, but analogies in terrace development permit comparison with the Lower Rhine and Danube. The terrace sequence in the Alpine foothills is incomplete, as are those along most of the other rivers in Europe. Some of the older terraces may have been eroded. 相似文献