Effect of confining pressure unloading on strength reduction of soft coal in borehole stability analysis

Underground borehole drilling usually causes instability in the surrounding coal due to in situ stress redistribution (including stress concentration and stress release). However, the mechanisms of unloading-induced coal strength reduction are still poorly understood. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the effect of confining pressure unloading on soft coal strength reduction for borehole stability analysis. A series of mechanical tests were conducted on both the traditionally and newly reconstituted coal samples under two different experimental stress paths, including conventional uniaxial/triaxial compression and triaxial compression with confining pressure unloading. The unloading stress path was obtained by analyzing the stress redistribution around a borehole, to capture a more accurate coal mechanical response. According to our experimental results, plastic deformation generated before failure under the unloading stress path is smaller than that generated under the conventional loading stress path. Furthermore, the cohesion of the traditionally and newly reconstituted samples diminishes approximately by 44.77 and 29.66%, respectively, with confining pressure unloading, indicating that there is a significant reduction in coal strength due to confining pressure unloading. The mechanism for unloading-induced coal strength reduction comes from confining pressure unloading-induced increase in shear stress on the fracture surface and a decrease in shear strength. This effect increases the shear slipping potential, whose driving force generates tension fractures at both ends of the preexisting fractures.     

基于SAR海浪方向谱的中国海海浪特性研究

基于Hasselmanns提出的SAR反演海浪方向谱的MPI算法,对2003-2012年间的中国海Envisat ASAR波模式数据进行了海浪方向谱反演。统计由反演的海浪方向谱得到的海浪有效波高数据,依据海浪浪级的划分,分析了中国海海浪浪级的分布特点,获得一些有参考价值的结果:(1)中国海3-4级海况的年出现概率最高,达85%;(2)中国海累月不同浪级的海浪出现概率分布符合高斯分布函数:f(x)=a*exp(-((x-1-b)/c)^2);(3)分析上述高斯分布函数的拟合系数a、b、c,发现其分布也有一定规律性。同时应用反演得到的海浪有效波高、平均波周期、平均波向等数据,分析了中国海的海浪时空分布特性,得到一些可供参考的结果。     

矿区污染场地土壤重金属元素分析标准样品的研制

我国工矿开采区及周边地区已出现土壤重污染区和高风险区,这些区域是土壤环境监测的重要区域,但在实际环境监测中缺乏基体和污染特征相一致的污染场地土壤重金属元素分析标准样品。本文针对土壤重污染区和高风险区污染特征及实际环境监测需求,采集我国南方红壤区采矿企业周边的典型农田土壤,按照GB/T 15000导则和相关标准研制了污染场地土壤重金属元素分析标准样品。采集的土壤样品经低温烘干、研磨、筛分、混匀和辐照灭菌等加工处理,分层随机抽取20瓶子样进行均匀性研究,结果表明由均匀性引起的相对不确定度在0.27%~2.1%之间,样品均匀性良好,最小取样量为0.20 g。稳定性研究采用X射线荧光光谱法,数据评价采用趋势分析法,室温避光保存条件下,在12个月稳定性跟踪考察期间样品未观察到不稳定变化趋势,由稳定性性引起的相对不确定度在0.06%~2.1%之间。经13家有资质的实验室选用两种以上不同原理的高准确度方法对标准样品中21种元素(Ag、Al、As、Ba、Be、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Hg、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Sb、Se、Ti、Tl、V、Zn)联合定值,总不确定度由定值不确定度(u~(char))、瓶间均匀性不确定度(u~(bb))和长期稳定性不确定度(u~(lts))合成,除Se外,其余元素的相对扩展不确定度均小于8%,表明标准样品定值准确,不确定度水平满足日常环境检测对土壤标准样品的要求。该标准样品被批准为国家实物标准样品(GSB 07-3272—2015),可用于分析方法验证或南方红壤区采矿及洗选企业周边土壤样品中重金属监测的质量控制。     

Spatial and temporal evolution of arc volcanism in the northeast Honshu and Izu‐Bonin Arcs: Evidence of small‐scale convection under the island arc?

Abstract   Arc volcanism of the past 10 my in the northeast Honshu and Izu-Bonin Arcs shows several notable features. In the northeast Honshu Arc, the spatial distribution of volcanism exhibits several clusters elongated nearly perpendicular to the arc and the possible migration of volcanism from the back-arc side to the volcanic front side, at least, during the past 5 my. The pattern of clusters seems to have flip-flopped around 5 Ma. In the Izu-Bonin Arc, there are a series of across-arc seamount chains, in which volcanic activity occurred from ca 17 Ma to ca 3 Ma, similar to the clusters of the northeast Honshu Arc, although the recent active rifting occurs almost parallel to the arc. On the basis of studies of numerical modeling, these features might be explained, at least qualitatively, by the small-scale convection under the island arc. Several inferences can be made from our modeling results for the tectonics of the Izu-Bonin Arc. The angle of dip of subducting plate in the Izu-Bonin Arc might have increased. This can explain the disappearance of volcanism along the seamount chains and the recent along-arc volcanism with narrow rifting. The trend of seamount chains, which is oblique to the arc, might not be their intrinsic feature but rather a result of the lateral movement of the back-arc region after their formation. These inferences can be tested by the future detailed morphological and chronological studies of the Izu-Bonin Arc.     

遥感与GIS支持下的土壤侵蚀强度快速评价方法研究

 以TM影像、1︰1万数字地形图以及其它辅助数据为基础，以土地利用类型、植被覆盖度以及坡度等作为影响因子，在遥感 和GIS技术的支持下，对余江县洪湖乡的土壤侵蚀强度进行了快速分级评价实验。结果表明，该方法所获取的土壤侵蚀强度信息与 实际情况比较吻合。     

青海祁漫塔格虎头崖铅锌矿床流体包裹体、 同位素地球化学及矿床成因

青海虎头崖铅锌矿床位于东昆仑祁漫塔格地区西段,铅锌矿体受蓟县纪狼牙山组控制,矿体多呈层状、似层状产出,部分为透镜状、脉状,成矿分为2个阶段。金属硫化物电子探针分析表明,闪锌矿中Fe含量为2.255%~5.579%,贫Ga、Ge,Zn/Cd值为146~198,方铅矿中Ag含量为0.015%~0.038%,具有岩浆热液有关金属硫化物的特征。方解石内流体包裹体δD值为-92.7‰~-76‰,δ18OH2O值为-11.58‰~-2.27‰,多数位于大气降水范围,但部分位于大气降水和岩浆水之间,且早阶段成矿流体含有CO2、CH4、N2、H2等地幔流体或岩浆流体成分,表明早期成矿流体为岩浆热液,后期不断加入大气降水。早阶段成矿流体具中低温、高盐度、中等密度的特征,晚阶段随着大气降水的不断混入,盐度和密度显著降低。金属硫化物的δ34SV-CDT值为1.6‰~9.9‰,具有岩浆硫与围岩硫混合来源特征;金属硫化物的206Pb/204Pb值为18.533~18.580,207Pb/204Pb值 为15.606~15.669,208Pb/204Pb 值为38.344~38.522,主要来源于区内深源岩浆活动,有部分地壳铅的混染。综合分析认为,虎头崖铅锌矿床为与印支期岩浆作用有关的层控夕卡岩型铅锌矿床。     

一种用于GPS的小型化全向圆极化天线设计

圆极化天线在卫星导航通信、雷达及信息对抗上有非常重要的作用.本文提出了一种工作在GPS L1频段（1.575 GHz）上的小型圆极化天线,它具有较低的剖面和较小的尺寸,结构紧凑、馈电简单,并呈现良好的全向圆极化特性.天线的辐射结构由一个4轴弧形贴片和直接馈电的金属柱组成,同时,贴片内环引入额外的弧形枝节,外环枝节的末端引入4个短路探针来实现天线的小型化.通过Ansoft HFSS 16.1对该天线进行仿真验证,结果表明,该圆极化天线在1.575 GHz频段上具有良好的驻波特性,且工作频带内的轴比<3 dB,最高增益达到0.2 dBic.     

The transfer of oxygen isotopic signals from precipitation to drip water and modern calcite on the seasonal time scale in Yongxing Cave,central China

Stable isotope data of precipitation (δ¹⁸O_p and deuterium excess), drip water (δ¹⁸O_d), and modern calcite precipitates (δ¹⁸O_c and δ¹³C_c) from Yongxing Cave, central China, are presented, with monthly sampling intervals from June 2013 to September 2016. Moderate correlations between the monthly variation of δ¹⁸O_p values (from ??11.5 to ??0.7‰) and precipitation amount (r = ??0.59, n?=?34, p?<?0.01) and deuterium excess (r?=?0.39, n?=?31, p?<?0.01) imply a combined effect of changes in precipitation amount and atmospheric circulation. At five drip sites, the δ¹⁸O_d values have a much smaller variability (from ??9.1 to ??7.5‰), without seasonal signals, probably a consequence of the mixing in the karst reservoir with a deep aquifer. The mean δ¹⁸O_d value (??8.4‰) for all drip waters is significantly more negative than the mean δ¹⁸O_p value (??6.9‰) weighted by precipitation amount, but close to the wet season (May to September) mean value (??8.3‰), suggesting that a threshold of precipitation amount must be exceeded to provide recharge. Calculation based on the equilibrium fractionation factor indicates that the δ¹⁸O_c values are not in isotopic equilibrium with their corresponding drip waters, with a range of disequilibrium effects from 0.4 to 1.4‰. The δ¹⁸O_c and δ¹³C_c values generally increase progressively away from the locus of precipitation on glass plates. The disequilibrium effects in the cave are likely caused by progressive calcite precipitation and CO₂ degassing related to a high gradient of CO₂ concentration between drip waters and cave air. Our study provides an important reference to interpret δ¹⁸O_c records from the monsoon region of China.     

Drivers of water pollutant discharge in urban agglomerations and their scale effects: Empirical analysis of 305 counties in the Yangtze River Delta

Revealing the drivers and scale effects of water pollutant discharges is an important issue in the study of the environmental consequences during urban agglomeration evolution. It is also a prerequisite for realizing collaborative water pollutant reduction and environmental governance in urban agglomerations. This paper takes 305 counties in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) as an example and selects chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) as two distinctive pollutant indicators, using the Spatial Lag Model (SLM) and Spatial Error Model (SEM) to estimate the drivers of water pollutant discharges in 2011 and 2016. Then the Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) model is constructed to diagnose the scale effect and spatial heterogeneity of the drivers. The findings show that the size of population, the level of urbanization, and the economic development level show global-level increase impacts on water pollutant discharges, while the level of industrialization, social fixed assets investment, foreign direct investment, and local fiscal decentralization are local-level impacts. The spatial heterogeneity of local drivers presents the following characteristics: Social fixed assets investment has a strong promoting effect on both COD and NH₃-N discharges in the Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou region and the coastal area of the YRD; industrialization has a promoting effect on COD discharges in the Taihu Lake basin and Zhejiang province; foreign direct investment has a local inhibitory effect on NH₃-N discharge, and the pollution halo effect is more prominent in the marginal areas of the YRD such as northern Jiangsu, northern Anhui, and southern Zhejiang; local fiscal decentralization has a noticeable inhibitory effect on COD discharge in the central areas of the YRD, reflecting the positive impacts on improved local environmental awareness and stronger constraints of multilevel environmental regulations in the urban agglomeration. Therefore, it is recommended to guide greener development to reduce the water pollutant discharge; to embed an environmental push-back mechanism in the fields of industrial production, capital investment, and financial income and expenditure; and to establish a high-quality development pattern of urban agglomerations systematically compatible with the carrying capacity of the water environment.