Herbicide contamination and the potential impact to seagrass meadows in Hervey Bay, Queensland, Australia

Low concentrations of herbicides (up to 70 ng l(-1)), chiefly diuron (up to 50 ng l(-1)) were detected in surface waters associated with inter-tidal seagrass meadows of Zostera muelleri in Hervey Bay, south-east Queensland, Australia. Diuron and atrazine (up to 1.1 ng g(-1) dry weight of sediment) were detected in the sediments of these seagrass meadows. Concentration of the herbicides diuron, simazine and atrazine increased in surface waters associated with seagrass meadows during moderate river flow events indicating herbicides were washed from the catchment to the marine environment. Maximum herbicide concentration (sum of eight herbicides) in the Mary River during a moderate river flow event was 4260 ng l(-1). No photosynthetic stress was detected in seagrass in this study during low river flow. However, with moderate river flow events, nearshore seagrasses are at risk of being exposed to concentrations of herbicides that are known to inhibit photosynthesis.     

Accumulation of organochlorines and brominated flame retardants in estuarine and marine food chains: field measurements and model calculations

Food chain accumulation of organochlorines and brominated flame retardants in estuarine and marine environments is compared to model estimations and fresh water field data. The food chain consists of herbivores, detritivores and primary and secondary carnivores i.e. fish, fish-eating birds and marine mammals. Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls is predicted well by OMEGA for herbi-detritivores and primary and secondary carnivorous fish. Ratios are similar to those found for fresh water species. Accumulation ratios for fish-eating birds and mammals are overestimated by the model, which is attributed partly to biotransformation of meta-para unsubstituted congeners. Additionally, birds may feed in other less polluted areas. For brominated diphenylethers (BDE) accumulation patterns are highly species and congener specific. Accumulation depends on both K(ow) and metabolization capacities. BDE47 is the predominant congener in lower trophic levels. For marine birds and mammals accumulation ratios of BDE99 and 100 are similar to or higher than ratios of persistent PCBs.     

Fate and effects of picric acid and 2,6-DNT in marine environments: toxicity of degradation products

The toxicity of transformation products of 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT) and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid) were assessed in spiked sandy and fine-grained marine sediments and in seawater. Toxicity of pore water from sediments spiked with 2,6-DNT decreased for the macro-alga, Ulva fasciata, zoospores as biotransformation proceeded, but increased for the copepod, Schizopera knabeni, nauplii. The primary biotransformation product of 2,6-DNT, 2-amino-6-nitrotoluene, was also more toxic than the parent compound to copepod nauplii, but not to alga zoospores, in spiked seawater tests. Two biotransformation products of picric acid, picramic acid and 2,4-DNP, were more toxic than their parent compound. Porewater toxicity from picric acid-spiked sediments decreased significantly at the end of six-months incubation. Fine-grained sediment spiked with either ordnance compound had lower toxicity than its sandy counterpart after six months, suggesting faster microbial transformation in the former and production of less toxic products. Photo-transformation of 2,6-DNT in seawater resulted in a reduction in toxicity.     

Sensitivity and cost considerations for the detection and eradication of marine pests in ports

Port surveys are being conducted in Australia, New Zealand and around the world to confirm the presence or absence of particular marine pests. The most critical aspect of these surveys is their sensitivity-the probability that they will correctly identify a species as present if indeed it is present. This is not, however, adequately addressed in the relevant national and international standards. Simple calculations show that the sensitivity of port survey methods is closely related to their encounter rate-the average number of target individuals expected to be detected by the method. The encounter rate (which reflects any difference in relative pest density), divided by the cost of the method, provides one way to compare the cost-effectiveness of different survey methods. The most cost-effective survey method is site- and species-specific but, in general, will involve sampling from the habitat with the highest expected population of target individuals. A case study of Perna viridis in Trinity Inlet, Cairns, demonstrates that plankton trawls processed with gene probes provide the same level of sensitivity for a fraction of the cost associated with the next best available method-snorkel transects in bad visibility (secchi depth=0.72 m). Visibility and the adult/larvae ratio, however, are critical to these arguments. If visibility were good (secchi depth=10 m), the two approaches would be comparable. Diver deployed quadrats were at least three orders of magnitude less cost-effective in this case study. It is very important that environmental managers and scientists perform sensitivity calculations before embarking on port surveys to ensure the highest level of sensitivity is achieved for any given budget.     

在18及6厘米波长对4C 39.25的VLBI观测

在18及6厘米,以基线长分别达15及23兆波长的欧洲长基线干涉网(EVN),对类星体4C 39.25作了VLBI观测,试图搜寻该类星体的中等尺度——10到100毫角秒(mas)的结构。 观测未曾检测到这种尺度上超过核峰值亮度5％的明显结构。但核自身看来有2到4毫角秒的延伸,而且其流量可变。     

关于进一步改进中小学地理教学问题(1980年9月 在全苏第七次地理学会代表大会上的报告)

当前中小学地理教学由三部分组成:入门部分,基础部分和选修部分。其内容使学生们得到下列系统的科学知识。     

加拿大地盾格伦维尔成矿省部分地区矿产资源的概率评价

本文介绍用广义贝叶斯分类法结合回归分析来评价加拿大格伦维尔省部分地区的矿产资源.利用该区内一片经过详细勘探的地区作为控制区进行了地质和经济资料的分析,获得了与矿体密切有关的某些地质因素.根据这些因素拟定了回归模型与贝叶斯分类模型进一步预测新区的矿产价值与成功概率,最后圈定出值得勘探的目标.     

矿产评价中应用化学分析结果一例

引言层状矿床的成因,多年来一直是研究矿床成因的学者们的一个争论问题:有的赞成是在沉积作用过程中发生沉淀的,另一些则认为是由于后来的交代作用形成的.对于这种典型矿体的观点上的分歧,就需要一个快速辨别法帮助勘探地质人员来确定矿床的成因类型,使他们能拟出一个完美的评价计划.斯坦顿曾研究出一种方法,可以辨别层状矿床在沉积过程中的交代作用与沉积作     

次生铁锰氧化物在化探中的意义

次生风化环境对化探工作具有重大意义.原生矿物风化时解离出的成矿金属,在水圈中扩散或沿河流通道机械搬运或由土壤剖面渗出的水携带而从原地迁移开.被解离出的金属的运移距离取决于诸因素中的反应的化学动力和金属与河流沉积物及土壤间的相互作用.系统地采集河流沉积物和土壤样品对广泛应用的化探来说,是一种合乎逻辑的采样方法.