Convection in rotating annular channels heated from below. Part 3: Experimental boundary conditions

Results are presented from both linear stability analysis and numerical simulations of three-dimensional nonlinear convection in a Boussinesq fluid in an annular channel, under experimental boundary conditions, rotating about a vertical axis uniformly heated from below. The focus is placed on the Prandtl number Pr = 7.0, representing liquid water at room temperature. The linear analysis shows that, when the aspect ratio is sufficiently small, there exists only one stationary mode that occupies the whole fluid container. When the aspect ratio is moderate or large, however, there exist three different linear solutions: (i) the outer sidewall-localized traveling wave propagating against the sense of rotation; (ii) the inner sidewall-localized traveling wave propagating in the same sense as rotation; and (iii) both the counter-traveling waves occurring simultaneously. Guided by the result of the linear stability analysis, fully three-dimensional simulations are then performed for a channel with a moderate aspect ratio. It is found that neither the prograde nor the retrograde mode is physically realizable near threshold and beyond. The dynamics of nonlinear convection in a rotating channel are chiefly characterized by the interaction between the sidewall-localized waves and the interior convection cells/rolls, producing an interesting and unusual nonlinear phenomenon. In order to compare with the classical Rayleigh–Bénard problem without vertical sidewalls, we also study linear and nonlinear convection at exactly the same parameters but in an infinitely extended layer with periodic horizontal conditions. This reveals that both the linear instability and nonlinear convection in a rotating channel are characteristically different from those in a rotating layer with periodic horizontal conditions.     

基于监测数据的几种地铁施工变形预测方法

地铁工程施工引起的地表沉降常常危及周边建筑物或地下管线的安全,如何有效预测和控制地表沉降已成为工程中亟待解决的问题。论述了三种常用的变形预测方法——回归分析法、指数平滑法和灰色理论分析法,分别利用这三种方法对广州地铁土建工程盾构法施工、矿山法施工和明挖法施工引起的地表沉降进行了预测分析,并与工程实测监测数据进行了对比分析,论证了各种预测方法适用的施工工法、地质条件范围以及使用时应注意的问题。     

湘西北暴雨对鄂东南降雨影响的合成对比分析

先介绍前一天湘西北出现暴雨后,次日鄂东南出现与不出现暴雨的两个个例,然后统计2003-2006年4-9月前一天湘西北出现暴雨前提下次日鄂东南出现暴雨与否的两种情况.应用ECMWF格点分析资料,将6个鄂东南次日出现暴雨个例进行合成,同时选出6个鄂东南次日不出现暴雨个例进行合成.对比研究这两种情况在天气过程前、过程中和过程后天气要素场差别,发现次日鄂东南出现暴雨的情况500 hPa影响低槽偏深、位置偏西、东移速度偏慢;850 hPa江南有西南风急流出现,鄂东南有θse≥345 K高能舌活动.次日鄂东南不出现暴雨,500 hPa低槽浅、位置偏东、东移较快,鄂东南地区由弱槽转为弱脊;850 hPa江南地区没有出现西南风急流,鄂东南没有θse≥345K高能舌活动.     

Hyperaccumulation of lead,zinc, and cadmium in plants growing on a lead/zinc outcrop in Yunnan Province,China

A field survey was conducted to identify potential hyperaccumulators of Pb, Zn or Cd in the Beichang Pb/Zn mine outcrop in Yunnan Province, China. The average total concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in the soils were up to 28,438, 5,109, and 52 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. A total of 68 plant species belonging to 60 genera of 37 families naturally colonizing the outcrop were recorded. According to metal accumulation in the plants and translocation factor (TF), Silene viscidula was identified as potential hyperaccumulator of Pb, Zn, and Cd with mean shoot concentrations of 3,938 mg kg⁻¹ of Pb (TF = 1.2), 11,155 mg kg⁻¹ of Zn (TF = 1.8) and 236 mg kg⁻¹ of Cd (TF = 1.1), respectively; S. gracilicanlis (Pb 3,617 mg kg⁻¹, TF = 1.2) and Onosma paniculatum (Pb 1,837 mg kg⁻¹, TF = 1.9) were potential Pb hyperaccumulators. Potentilla griffithii (Zn 8,748 mg kg⁻¹, TF = 1.5) and Gentiana sp. (Zn 19,710 mg kg⁻¹, TF = 2.7) were potential Zn hyperaccumulators. Lysimachia deltoides (Cd 212 mg kg⁻¹, TF = 3.2) was a potential Cd hyperaccumulator. These new plant resources could be used to explore the mechanisms of Pb, Zn and/or Cd hyperaccumulation, and the findings could be applied for the phytoremediation of Pb, Zn and/or Cd-contaminated soils.     

Stable carbon isotopic fractionation of individual n-alkanes accompanying primary migration: Evidence from hydrocarbon generation–expulsion simulations of selected terrestrial source rocks

The effect of isotopic fractionation during primary migration of hydrocarbons from coals is rarely noticed because it overlaps with the isotopic effects of maturation. In this research, geological chromatography-like effects and possible physical isotopic fractionation effects on n-alkanes during primary migration from four coals and one mudstone were studied through two types of generation–expulsion simulations (generation–expulsion simulations I and II). In order to monitor the kinetic isotopic fractionation effect during primary migration and to differentiate the isotopic effects of primary migration from the isotopic effects of maturation, generation–expulsion simulation was upgraded in two aspects, source rock was separated into at least five layers, and deuterated n-C₁₅D₃₂ was added to the initial layer of the source rock (simulation II). The experimental results suggested that all terrestrial source rocks exhibit significant geological chromatography-like effects in generation–expulsion simulation. Expulsion efficiencies shown by vitrinite-rich coals are much lower than algal cannel, fusinite-rich coal and mudstone. There also exist significant physical isotopic fractionation effects in hydrocarbon primary migration processes from vitrinite-rich coals, but there is no significant isotopic fractionation effect from fusinite-rich brown coal and mudstone. Pore structure and specific surface area of source rock samples were measured by gas adsorption of both N₂ and CO₂. This indicated that vitrinite-rich coals have a higher proportion of microporosity. The differences in pore structure and adsorptive capacity of source rocks may be responsible for differences in expulsion efficiencies and isotopic fractionation effects in generation–expulsion simulations. The isotopic fractionation effect due to primary migration should be considered in making oil-source correlation when vitrinite-rich coals are concerned.     

地震观测仪器网络化探讨

概述了我国地震前兆仪器的发展状况,分析了目前地震前兆仪器的现状及其网络化改造的必要性。介绍了DALLAS公司生产的以新型网络微控制器DS80C400 CPU为核心的TINI网络接口板的性能,提出了一种通过TINI网络接口板快速实现地震前兆仪器网络化的方案和实现该方案所必需的软件和硬件。     

CO2倍增对我国东部极端降水的影响

 利用GFDL-CM2.1耦合模式控制试验和CO₂增长试验逐日降水输出结果,评估了CO₂浓度加倍对我国极端降水变化的影响。结果表明：CO₂浓度加倍导致我国东部地区年极端降水的强度增强、降水量显著增多及降水频次显著增加（除华北南部外）; CO₂浓度加倍对我国春夏季极端降水影响较大,导致东部多数地区春夏季极端降水频次增加,强度增强;而CO₂浓度加倍导致华北南部和长江中下游春夏季雨日减少以及小雨、中雨减少,从而导致年总降水量减少。     

监控系统信号防雷设计实例

分析雷电对监控设备的影响因素,对广西佛子玻璃深加工有限责任公司监控系统的信号防雷进行设计.     

A study of air/space-borne dual-wavelength radar for estimation of rain profiles

In this study, a framework is given by which air/space-borne dual-wavelength radar data can be used to estimate the characteristic parameters of hydrometeors. The focus of the study is on the Global Precipitation Measurement （GPM） precipitation radar, a dual-wavelength radar that will operate in the Ku （13.6 GHz） and Ka （35 GHz） bands. A key aspect of the retrievals is the relationship between the differential frequency ratio （DFR） and the median volume diameter, Do, and its dependence on the phase state of the hydrometeors. It is shown that parametric plots of Do and particle concentration in the plane of the DFR and the radar reflectivity factor in the Ku band can be used to reduce the ambiguities in deriving Do from DFR. A self-consistent iterative algorithm, which does not require the use of an independent pathattenuation constraint, is examined by applying it to the apparent radar reflectivity profiles simulated from a drop size distribution （DSD） model. For light to moderate rain, the self-consistent rain profiling approach converges to the correct solution only if the same shape factor of the Gamma distributions is used both to generate and retrieve the rain profiles. On the other hand, if the shape factors differ, the iteration generally converges but not to the correct solution. To further examine the dual-wavelength techniques, the selfconsistent iterative algorithm, along with forward and backward rain profiling algorithms, are applied to measurements taken from the 2nd generation Precipitation Radar （PR-2） built by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Consistent with the model results, it is found that the estimated rain profiles are sensitive to the shape factor of the size distribution when the iterative, self-consistent approach is used but relatively insensitive to this parameter when the forward- and backward-constrained approaches are used.