Dynamic properties of the probe for measuring the temperature gradient

Summary The paper analyses the behaviour of a probe for direct measurements of temperature increase with depth in boreholes and derives transient characteristics of a gradient probe using the electrothermal analogy.     

Displacement of points determined by spatial intersection

Summary A procprocedure is presented for the direct determination of the components of the vector of spatial displacement of a point by spatial intersection. The horizontal, vertical and slope distances are determined by integrated surveying systems (electronic tacheometers), and the first survey is adjusted using conditional observations. The vector of displacement on the individual intervals of observation is determined by means of the matrix equation (33) into which it is only necessary to substitute the appropriate vectors of the observational differences.     

“Pandora box” — Matrix in the calculus of observations

Summary If the condition R(A)=k(n), whereA is the design matrix of the type n × k and k the number of parameters to be determined, is not satisfied, or if the covariance matrixH is singular, it is possible to determine the adjusted value of the unbiased estimable function of the parameters f(), its dispersion D( (x)) and ² as the unbiased estimate of the value of ² by means of an arbitrary g-inversion of the matrix . The matrix , because of its remarkable properties, is called the Pandora Box matrix. The paper gives the proofs of these properties and the manner in which they can be employed in the calculus of observations.     

The role of various ionization sources in the A3 lf radio-wave absorption in middle latitudes

Summary The 272 kHz ionospheric absorption has been measured at the Prhonice Observatory by the A3 method (oblique incidence) for a long period. The results of the comparison of these absorption data with indices of solar, geomagnetic and cosmic ray activity are presented for large solar zenith angles. The day-time absorption (x 75° – 85°) is described well by these indices and appears to be affected particularly by direct solar Lyman- radiation. The night-time absorption (x>100°), however, is not described sufficiently by the indices used.     

Magnetohydrodynamic oscillations due to precessional motion

Summary The motion of a non-viscous liquid medium with an ideal electrical conductivity, enclosed in the ellipsoidal cavity of an envelope subject to precessional motion, is investigated. Inside the cavity there is a toroidal magnetic field. It is proved that the precessional motion of the envelope generates forced oscillations of the medium with a period of 24 hours and two different types of eigen oscillations. Expressions for computing the amplitudes and frequencies of all types of oscillations are derived. The maximum values of disturbance fields are determined for geophysically acceptable parameters.     

Relationship between microseisms,geomagnetic activity and ionospheric absorption of radio waves

Summary Relatively good correlation between such remote phenomena as microseisms, geomagnetic activity and ionospheric absorption of radio waves has been observed. These phenomena are probably connected by a considerably increased penetration of energetic particles into the atmosphere under conditions of geomagnetic activity.     

Moments of the lunar disturbing force

Summary The components of the moments of the external force due to the gravitational effect of the Moon are derived, which causes disturbances in the motion of the Earth round its mass centre, taking into account the gravitational fields of both bodies in the form of a development in terms of harmonics upto degree n=4. This paper ties up with [3–5] and the notations are identical.