1956-2018年中国江河径流演变及其变化特征

地表水资源是维系区域生态平衡和促进经济社会发展的制约性要素,河川径流是地表水资源的主要形式,二者的丰枯变化均直接影响流域水资源管理。基于江河实测径流量资料和水资源公报资料,初步分析了1956—2018年中国主要江河实测径流量和中国十大水资源区地表水资源的变化和演变特征。结果表明:①除长江大通站外,中国主要江河代表性水文站实测年径流量均呈现下降趋势。②黄河上游唐乃亥站实测年径流量为非显著性减少趋势,黄河花园口站实测径流量呈现显著性减少趋势;1980—2000年和2001—2018年唐乃亥站实测径流量较基准期1956—1979年分别变化1.8%和-5.9%,而同时期花园口站实测径流量分别减少26.7%和41.0%。③地理分布上,黄河是中国南北地区径流变化的分水岭,黄河以南地区江河径流量为非显著性变化,黄河以北江河径流量为显著性减少趋势,特别是海河流域,实测径流量减少最为显著;21世纪以来,黄河以北河流实测径流量较1980年之前减少幅度超过25%,海河减幅高达80%以上。④1956—2018年全国地表水资源量约为27266亿m 3,较第二次全国水资源评价结果偏少122亿m 3。21世纪以来,海河、黄河、辽河地表水资源明显减少,进一步加重了区域水资源供需矛盾。     

海拉尔盆地构造演化及油气勘探前景

海拉尔盆地为海西褶皱基底上发育的晚中生代—古近纪断-坳陷盆地,控盆的边界断裂主要为北东向和北北东向,形成于早白垩世,之后经受了多期反转。海拉尔盆地的沉积可划分为3大构造层:兴安岭群上段、铜钵庙组和南屯组为断陷构造层,大磨拐河组和伊敏组为断-坳转换构造层,上白垩统青元岗组和古近系为坳陷构造层。该盆地在古近纪发生萎缩并闭合,在近东西向的挤压力作用下形成北东向的反转构造带,为油气的聚集提供了良好的圈闭。新近纪开始新一阶段的拉张和沉陷。该地的新构造运动相当活跃,本文论述了其主要表现为断陷湖盆的形成、地表径流的分布和断阶构造的发育,指出其特征为继承性和加强性,使盆地发育阶段的坳(凹)陷在新近纪内进一步沉陷。在此基础上讨论了海拉尔盆地的油气勘探前景。     

Assessing the effect of climate natural variability in water resources evaluation impacted by climate change

Water resource assessment on climate change is crucial in water resource planning and management. This issue is becoming more urgent with climate change intensifying. In the current research of climate change impact, climate natural variability (fluctuation) has seldom been studied separately. Many studies keep attributing all changes (e.g. runoff) to climate change, which may lead to wrong understanding of climate change impact assessment. Because of lack of long enough historical series, impacts of climate variability have been always avoided deliberately. Based on Latin hypercube sampling technique, a block sampling approach was proposed for climate variability simulation in this study. The widely used time horizon (1961–1991) was defined as baseline period, and the runoff variation probability affected by climate natural variability was analysed. Allowing for seven future climate projections in total of three GCMs (CSIRO, NCAR, and MPI) and three emission scenarios (A1B, A2, and B1), the impact of future climate change on water resources was estimated in terms of separating the contribution from climate natural variability. Based on the analysis of baseline period, for the future period from 2021 to 2051, the impact of climate natural variability may play a major part, whereas for the period from 2061 to 2091, climate change attributed to greenhouse gases may dominate the changing process. The results show that changes from climate variability possess a comparable magnitude, which highlights the importance to separate impacts of climate variability in assessing climate change, instead of attributing all changes to climate change solely. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

区域土壤电阻率分布分析

该文以某投资区工业园雷电灾害区域风险评估为例,通过采集评价区域的土壤电阻率,利用CDEGS防雷接地软件进行该项目的土壤结构反演,用土壤结构的数学模型去拟合土壤电阻率的实际测量值的方式来反演土壤真实的物理结构,得出不同区域、不同深度土壤电阻率分布,为项目建设时防雷接地设计、施工提供指导。     

湘西北宁乡式铁矿的成因与质量

宁乡式铁矿在湘西北主要分布在三个层位,存在两类矿石结构,这两类矿石结构的铁矿是由不同的成矿方式形成,因而矿石质量也是不同的,具体表现在两类矿石中P、SiO2的含量存在明显差异。通过分析对比,Fe0、Fe22层砾状、豆状类赤铁矿的质量优于鲕状赤铁矿,其中位于二户溪至西界地区的FeO层砾状、豆状赤铁矿矿石质量全区最佳,应为该区的赤铁矿下一步工作的主要方向。     

南秦岭卡林型—似卡林型金矿床综合地质地球化学特征

笔者将南秦岭卡林型－似卡林型金矿床与与其共生的热水沉积成因铅锌矿床，中国滇黔桂卡林型金矿床、卡林型金矿床命名地美国西部卡林金矿床、乌兹别克斯坦穆龙套型金矿床等进行了地质地球化学综合对比研究，可以发现，这些矿床的形成均与现代板块构造活动机制具有密切耦合关系，属于造山期成矿矿床，它们既具有相似特点：容矿建造属沉积岩型，沉积构造环境具有拉张裂陷性质，均显示同生一叠加改造两次成矿作用的特征；它们又具明显差别；所属大地构造背景不同，造山带组成及结构存在明显差别，叠加改造成矿作用表现的复杂和强烈程度差别较大，造山带区域构造演化与大规模成矿作用是同一大陆动力学过程的不同表现。     

琼东南盆地东西部块体流沉积内部结构特征的差异性

利用南海北部琼东南盆地的高精度2D和3D地震资料,对盆地不同区域里的陆坡到深水盆地的块体流沉积特征进行了研究。结果发现,琼东南盆地东部和西部陆坡体系发育的块体流沉积表现出不同的特征:盆地东部陆坡体系下块体流沉积头部以变形程度较小的滑移体的广泛发育为特征,整体规模较小;盆地西部块体流沉积头部以变形强烈的杂乱反射为特征,侵蚀作用强烈,规模较大,同时在其趾部变形强烈的地层中发育有一系列平行、亚平行的逆冲断层。琼东南盆地东西部块体流沉积特征差异性产生的原因有:1)盆地东西部陆坡沉积格架不同,西部的陡倾陆坡比东部的宽缓陆坡更加有利于块体流沉积的发育;2)盆地地貌特征对块体流沉积发育的制约,琼东南盆地南部隆起对块体流沉积起到遮挡的作用,阻止了西部块体流的运动。陆架边缘断层活化相关的地震活动是块体流沉积的一个重要触发机制。     

The Mid-Miocene Pollen Record of the Xunhua Basin, NE Tibetan Plateau: Implications for Global Climate Change

The northeastern Tibetan Plateau is located at the convergence of the Asian winter and summer monsoons and westerlies; thus, this area has witnessed historic climate changes.The Xunhua basin is an intermontane basin on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.The basin contains more than 2000 m of Cenozoic fluvial–lacustrine sediments, recording a long history of climate and environmental changes.We collected the mid-Miocene sediments from the Xunhua basin and used palynological methods to discuss the relationship between aridification in the interior of Asia, global cooling, and uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.Based on the palynological analysis of the Xigou section, Xunhua basin, the palynological diagram is subdivided into three pollen zones and past vegetation and climate are reconstructed.Zone I, Ephedripites–Nitraridites–Chenopodipollis–Quercoidites(14.0–12.5 Ma), represents mixed shrub–steppe vegetation with a dry and cold climate.In zone II, Pinaceae–Betulaepollenites–Ephedripites–Chenopodipollis–Graminidites(12.5–8.0 Ma), the vegetation and climate conditions improved, even though the vegetation was still dominated by shrub–steppe taxa.Zone III, Ephedripites–Nitrariadites–Chenopodipollis(8.0–5.0 Ma), represents desert steppe vegetation with drier and colder climate.The palynological records suggest that shrub–steppe dominated the whole Xigou section and the content gradually increased, implying a protracted aridification process, although there was an obvious climate improvement during 12.5–8.0 Ma.The aridification in the Xunhua basin and surrounding mountains during 14.0–12.5 Ma was probably related to global cooling induced by the rapid expansion of the East Antarctic ice-sheets and the relatively higher evaporation rate.During the 12.5–8.0 Ma period, although topographic changes(uplift of Jishi Shan) decreased precipitation and strengthened aridification in the Xunhua basin on leeward slopes, the improved vegetation and climate conditions were probably controlled by the decrease in evaporation rates as a result of continuous cooling.From 8.0 to 5.0 Ma, the rapid development of the desert steppe can be attributed to global cooling and uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.     

涪江流域径流变化趋势及其对气候变化的响应

采用Mann-Kendall非参数检验方法分析了涪江流域实测径流量的变化趋势,根据假定的气候变化情景和HADCM3预估的气候情景,利用考虑融雪的水量平衡模型(SWBM模型)分析了径流对气候变化的响应。结果表明:涪江流域径流量总体呈现递减趋势,但非汛期的个别月份有增加趋势,实测年径流变化主要是由于气候要素变化引起的,流域内的水电开发对径流量的季节分配存在一定的影响。SWBM模型对涪江流域月流量过程具有较好的模拟效果,实测与模拟径流量总体较为吻合,只有个别年份峰值模拟误差相对较大。气温变化固定的情况下,降水变化与径流变化之间的关系接近线性;在降水变化相同的情况下,单位气温变幅引起的径流量变化幅度也基本相当。尽管不同排放情景下涪江流域径流量的变化有一定差异,但总体来看,未来水资源可能以偏少为主,特别是2030年以后,多年平均偏少量将可能超过5%。     

华北克拉通1.75Ga基性岩墙群特征及其研究进展

基性岩墙群是地壳伸展背景下,来自地幔的基性岩浆侵入体。华北克拉通同世界上其它克拉通一样,广泛发育前寒武纪基性岩墙群。它们在不同时代均有产生,其中1.75Ga前后的规模最大,分布范围最广,几乎遍布整个克拉通,对其进行深入研究,可以揭示华北克拉通该期构造演化过程。华北克拉通1.75Ga前后的岩墙几何形态多变,直立或近直立,走向主要为NNW向和近EW向。岩石以拉斑玄武质岩类占绝对优势(>80%),主要造岩矿物为单斜辉石和斜长石。根据岩墙走向、岩浆分异程度和岩石地球化学特征可将其分五组:低分异LT组、低分异HT组、高分异NW组、高分异EW组,以及具明显差异的高铁系列。同位素和微量元素研究显示,岩浆源区主要与富集Ⅰ型地幔(EMⅠ)、弱亏损的常规地幔(DM-PREMA)以及陆下岩石圈地幔有关。目前对华北克拉通1.75Ga基性岩墙群产出的构造环境在认识上有分歧,其中地幔柱观点和碰撞后伸展观点最为人们所关注。